-
hyper-
excessive or more than normal
-
dyspnea
difficult breathing
-
apnea
absence of breathing
-
-
What are the categories of prefixes?
numbers, measurements, position, direction, negatives, and color
-
bi-
- two, double
- example: bicuspid (having 2 cusps or points).
-
hemi-
- half
- example: hemiplegia (paralysis of one side [half] of the body)
-
milli-
- one-thousandth
- ex: milliliter (one-thousandth of a liter)
-
mono-
- one, single
- ex: monocyte (a white cell with a singular nucleus)
-
nulli-
- none
- ex: nullipara (a woman who has borne no children)
-
primi-
- first
- ex: primigravida (first pregnancy)
-
quadri-
- four
- ex: quadriplegia (paralysis of all 4 extremities).
-
semi-
- half
- ex: semiconscious (half conscious)
-
tetra-
- four
- ex: tetraplegia (paralysis of both arms and both legs; also known as quadriplegia).
-
tri-
- three
- ex: triceps (a muscle having 3 heads)
-
uni-
- one
- ex: uninuclear (a cell having one nucleus)
-
hyp-
- under, below, beneath, less than normal
- ex: hypoxemia (less than normal blood oxygen level)
-
hypo-
- under, below, beneath, less than normal
- ex: hypoglycemia (less than normal blood sugar)
-
multi-
- many
- ex: multipara (to bear many children)
-
poly-
- many, much
- ex: polyarthritis (inflammation of many joints)
-
ab-
- from, away from
- ex: abduct (to move away from the midline of the body)
-
ad-
- toward, increase
- ex: adduct (movement toward the midline of the body)
-
ambi-
- both, both sides
- ex: ambidextrous (able to use both hands well)
-
ante-
- before, in front
- ex: antecubital (the space in front of the elbow)
-
circum-
- around
- ex: circumoral (around the mouth)
-
de-
- down, from
- ex: descend (to come down from)
-
dia-
- through
- ex: diagnosis (knowledge through testing)
-
ecto-
- outside
- ex: ectopic (outside of its normal location)
-
endo-
- within
- ex: endocervical (pertaining to the inner lining of the cervix)
-
epi-
- upon, over
- ex: epigastric (upon the stomach)
-
ex-
- out, away from, outside
- ex: extract (to remove a tooth away from the oral cavity)
-
exo-
- outside, outward
- ex: exogenous (originating outside the body)
-
extra-
- outside, beyond
- ex: extrahepatic (outside of the liver)
-
hypo-
- under, below, beneath, less than normal
- ex: hypoglossal (under the tongue)
-
in-
- in, inside, within, not
- ex: intubate (to insert a tube into an organ or body cavity)
-
infra-
- beneath, below, under
- ex: infrapatellar (below the knee)
-
inter-
- between
- ex: intercostal (between the ribs)
-
intra-
- within
- ex: intravenous (within a vein)
-
juxta-
- near, beside
- ex: juxtaarticular (pertaining to a location near a joint)
-
meso-
- middle
- ex: mesoderm (the middle of the 3 layers of skin)
-
para-
- near, beside, beyond, two like parts
- ex: paracervical (near or beside the cervix)
-
peri-
- around
- ex: perianal (around the anus)
-
pre-
- before, in front
- ex: precordial (the region "of the chest wall" in front of the heart
-
pro-
- in front, before
- ex: prognosis (knowledge before)
-
re-
- back, again
- ex: reactivate (to make active again)
-
retro-
- backward, behind
- ex: retroflexion (an abnormal position of an organ in which the organ is tilted backward)
-
sub-
- under, below
- ex: sublingual (under the tongue)
-
supra-
- above, over
- ex: suprapubic (above or over the pubic area)
-
trans-
- across, through
- ex: transurethral (across or through the urethra)
-
What is/are the prefix/combining form(s) for black?
melan/o
-
What is/are the prefix/combining form(s) for blue?
cyan/o
-
What is/are the prefix/combining form(s) for gray,silver?
-
What is/are the prefix/combining form(s) for green?
chlor/o
-
What is/are the prefix/combining form(s) for purple?
purpur/o
-
What is/are the prefix/combining form(s) for red?
-
What is/are the prefix/combining form(s) for white?
-
What is/are the prefix/combining form(s) for yellow?
-
alb-
- white
- ex: albino (person who has a marked deficiency of pigment in their eyes, hair, and skin; has abnormally white skin)
-
chlor/o
- green
- ex: chlorophyll (green pigment in plants that accomplishes photosynthesis)
-
cirrh/o
- yellow, tawny
- ex: cirrhosis (chronic degenerative disease of the liver with resultant yellowness of the liver and skin)
-
cyan/o
- blue
- ex: cyanoderma (slightly bluish dark discoloration of the skin)
-
eosin/o
- red, rosy
- ex: eosinophil (bilobed leukocyte that stains a red, rosy color with acid dye)
-
erythr/o
- red
- ex: erythrocyte (mature red blood cell)
-
glauc/o
- gray, silver
- ex: disorder of the eye due to an increase in intraocular pressure, creates a dull gray glean of the affected eye)
-
jaund/o
- yellow
- ex: jaundice (yellow discoloration of the skin)
-
lute/o
- yellow
- ex: corpus luteum (yellow glandular mass on the surface of the ovary)
-
leuk/o
- white
- ex: leukoplakia (white hard thickened patches firmly attached to the mucuous membrane in areas such as the mouth)
-
melan/o
- black
- ex: malanoma (darkly pigmented cancerous tumor)
-
poli/o
- gray
- ex: poliomyelitis (inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord)
-
purpur/o
- purple
- ex: purpura (collection of blood beneath the skin, appear as red/purple skin discolorations)
-
rube-
- red
- ex: rubella (viral disease characterized by fevel, cold symptoms, and a fine, red rash).
-
xanth/o
- yellow
- ex: xanthoderma (yellow coloration of the skin)
-
a-
- without, not, no
- ex: apnea (without breathing)
-
an-
- without, not, no
- ex: anesthesia (without feeling)
-
ana-
- not, without
- ex: anaplasia (without formation or development)
-
anti-
- against
- ex: antidote (a drug or technique that opposes [works against] athe action of a poison).
-
contra-
- against
- ex: contraceptive (any device or technique that prevents [works against] conception),
-
dis-
- free of, undo
- ex: discharge (the release a substance or object)
-
im-
- not
- ex: impotence (an adult male's inability to acheive penile erection)
-
in-
- in, inside, within, not
- ex: incompetent (not capable)
-
non-
- not
- ex: noninvasive (technique that does not require the skin to be broken)
-
auto-
- self
- ex: autograft (a graft transferred from one part of a patient's body to another)
-
bio-
- life
- ex: biology (the study of life)
-
brady-
- slow
- ex: bradycardia (slow heartbeat)
-
con-
- together, with
- ex: congenital (born with)
-
eu-
- well, easily, good, normal
- ex: eupnea (normal breathing)
-
hetero-
- different
- ex: heterogeneous (composed of different or unlike substances).
-
homeo-
- likeness, same
- ex: homeostasis (a relative consistency [likeness] in the internal environment of the body).
-
homo-
- same
- ex: homogenesis (having the same origins)
-
hydro-
- water
- ex: hydrocephalus (an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the head)
-
idio-
- individual
- ex: idiosyncrasy (individual sensitivity to effects of a drug caused by inherited or other bodily constituted factors).
-
meta-
- beyond, after
- ex: metacarpals (bones after the carpal [wrist] bones, the hand bones)
-
pan-
- all
- ex: pancarditis (inflammation of the entire heart)
-
per-
- through
- ex: percussion (striking through)
-
post-
- after, behind
- ex: postcibal (after meals)
-
pseudo-
- false
- ex: pseudoanorexia (condition in which an individual east secretly but claims a lack of appetite).
-
sym-
- joined, together
- ex: sympathetic (showing compassion for another's grief, joined in disease)
-
syn-
- joined, together
- ex: syndrome (a group of symptoms joined by a common cause)
-
tachy-
- rapid
- ex: tachycardia (rapid heartbeat)
-
ultra-
- beyond, excess
- ex: ultrasound (sound waves at very high frequency)
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