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the first to study virus and what got him interested?
- Dmitiri Iwanowski
- ==> tobacco mosaic disease
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who brought in electron microscope?
Ernst Ruska
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Virus have what kind of shapes/structure?
- -helix
- -icosahedron
- -others
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viruses consist only of
a core of nucleic acid enclosed in a coat of protein; and possibly a membrane-like envelope that's enclosed with it
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genome and what it consist of
the nucleic acid core of the virus and it consist ofeither DNA or RNA
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outer protein coat of a virus
capsid
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capsomeres
smaller protein units that are bound together chemically to form the capsid
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nucleocapsid
combo of genome and capsid
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viruses' envelope may have projections
spikes
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spikes' function
attachment and assistance to penetrate into host cell
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viruses' main function that they do INCREDIBLY well?
they replicate!!!
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the stages of replication are...
- 1. attachment stage
- 2. uncoating stage
- 3. synthesis stage
- 4. assembly stage
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what happens in the uncoating stage?
viral nucleic acid is released
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what happens in assembly stage?
combination of viral parts synthesized are used to form new viral particles
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lytic cycle
process by which abacterial virus replicates within a host cell and ultimately destroys the host cell
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defense mechanism against virus?
- antibodies,
- activity of T-cells,
- interferons
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acyclovir
a drug that inhibits replication of herpes simplex and chickenpox viruses by interfering with the replication of their DNA
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amantadine
a drug to prevent attachment of influenza viruses to host cells in respiratory tract
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azidothymidine
drug used to treat AIDS to inhibit the key enzyme that functions during HIV's replication cycle
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interferons
antiviral drug that helps protect neighboring cells against viral penetration
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kinds viral vaccines
- -inactivated
- -attenuated
- -genetically engineered vaccine
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inactivated vaccine
viral genome is destroyed but capsids intact; they are unable to replicate in cells; most refer to as 'dead'
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attenuated vaccine
- contains viruses that infect cells and replicate but at an extremely low rate, so low that disease symptoms do not develop, obtained by cultivating till a low-replicating strain appears;
- -often known as "live"
- -carry a risk due to possibly infecting body cells
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genetically engineered vaccine
- viral proteins are produced by yeast cells that have been altered to express the genes of a specific virus, proteins in return are concentrated, purified and used in vaccine
- -contain no viruses or viral fragments, so low side effects
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vaccines can play key role in ...
preventing bioterrorism
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lysogeny; aka lysogenic cycle
- a virus enters a host cell but does not replicate immediately
- -incorporates with cell's gene and replicate whenever gene replicate
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provirus
viral DNA that has integrated itno eukarytoic host chromosome and is then passed on from one generation to the next thru cell division
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provirus have all the proteins needed for...
HIV replication
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viral cultivation...or types of cell culture
- -technology of viral cultivation
- -diploid fibroblast culture
- -continuous cell line culture
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diploid fibroblast culture
consists of immature cells c alled fibroblasts, which derive from fetal tissues and retain the capacity for rapid and repeated cell division
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viroids
- ultramicroscopic, single-stranded molecules of RNA without any protein coating
- -infect plants
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prions
- proteinaceous infectious particles thought to cause diseases
- -composed mostly of protein
- -survive heat, radiation, and chemical treatment
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cancer
results from uncontrolled reproduction of cells thru process of mitosis
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dediffereniation
cells revert to an early stage in their development, often becoming formless cells that divide as rapidly as early embryonic cells
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carcinogens
cancer-causing substances
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