Ch 1

the compound that forms the common entry point into the Krebs cycle for the oxidation of carbohydrate and fat

a high-energy phosphate compound from which ATP is formed

a cemical compound that serves as a neurotransmitter throughout the body. also called epinephrine.

a process occurring in the mitochondria that uses oxygen to produce energy (ATP). Also known as cellular respiration.

a mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that prevents dehyhdration by promoting renal absorption of sodium

the production of energy (ATP) in the absence of oxygen

an enzyme that converts angiontensin I to angiotensin II

a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that regulates fluid and electrolyte balance in the blood by reducing urine production.

the short-term anaerobic energy system that maintains ATP levels. breakdown of phosphocreatine (PCr) frees P1 which then combines with ADP to form ATP.

the first step in fatty acid oxidation, in which fatty acids are broken into separate two-carbon units of acetic acid, each of which is then converted to acetyl coA

term given to the study of metabolic processes that yield or consume energy

an organic compound formed from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes starches, sugars, and cellulose.

the tearing down of body tisue; the destructive phase of metabolism

biologically active amines (organic compounds derived from ammonia), such as epinephrine & norepinephrine,that have powerful effects similar to those of the sympathetic nervous system

a corticosteroid hormone released from the adrenal cortex that stimulates gluconeogenesis, increases mobilization of free fatty acids, decreases use of glucose & stimulates catabolism of protein. Also known as hydrocortisone.

intracellular second messenger that mediates hormone action

the method of action of steroid hormones. they bind to receptors in the cell, & then the hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus and activates certain genes.

decreased cellular sensitivity to hormone, likely the result of a decreased number of cell receptors available to bind with the hormone

a series of chemical reactions that convert the hydrogen ion generated by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle into water and produce energy for oxidative phosphorylation

a catecholamine released from the adrenal medulla that, along with norepinephrine, prepares the body for a fight-or-flight response. it is also a neurotransmitter.

the hormone that stimulates erythrocyte (Red blood cell) production

the components of fat that are used by the body for metabolism

a hormone released by the pancreas that promotes increased breakdown of liver glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) & increased gluconeogenesis

a family of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that help maintain homeostasis through a variety of effects throughout the body

the conversion of protein or fat into glucose

six carbon sugar that is the primary form of carbohydrate used for metabolism

the form of carbohydrate stored in the body, found predominantly in the muscles & liver

the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid

an anabolic agent that stimulates fat metabolism & promotes muscle growth & hypertrophy by facilitating amino acid transport into the cells

a relative (not absolute) increase in the cellular content per unit of blood volume, resulting fromn a reduction in plasma volume

an increase in blood plasma, resulting in a dilution of the blood's cellular contents

a chemical substance produced or released by an endocrine gland & transported by the blood to a specific target tissue

an elevated blood glucose level

a low blood glucose level

hormones transmitted from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary that inhibit release of some other hormones

a hormone produced by the B-cells in the pancreas that assists entry into cells

the equivalent of 1000 calories

a series of chemical reactions that involve the complete oxidtion of acetyl CoA & produce 2 mol of ATP (energy) along with hydrogen & carbon, which combine with oxygen to form H2O and CO2

the process of convertinf protein into fatty acids

the process of breaking down triglyceride to its basic unis to be used for energy

all energy-producing and energy-using processes within the body

steroid hormones released from the adrenal cortex that are responsible for electrolyte balance within the body, for example aldosterone

the primary mechanism through which the endocrine system maintains homeostasis. some body change upsets homeostasis, which triggers release of a hormone to correct the change. once that correction is accomplished, the hormone is no longer needed, so its secretion decreases

hormones derived from protein, peptides, or amino acids that cannot easily cross cell membranes

a catecholamine released from the adrenal medulla that, along with epinhephrine, prepares the body for a fight-or-flight response. It is also a neurotransmitter.

the number of solutes (such as electrolytes) dissolved in a fluid divided by the weight o tht fluid; usually expressed in units of osmols (miliosmols) per kg.

the body's most complex energy system, which generates energy by disassembling fuels with the aid of oxygen & has a very high energy yield.

an energy-rich compound that plays a critical role in providing energy for muscle action by maintaining ATP concentration

substances derived from a fatty acid that act as hormones at the local level

hormones transmitted from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary that promote release of some other hormones

an enzyme formed by the kidneys to convert a plasma protein called angiotensinogen into angiotensin II

the mechanism involved in renal control of blood pressure. the kidneys respond to decreased blood presure or blood flow by forming renin, which converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I, which is finally converted to angiotensin ii. Angiotensin II constricts arterioles & triggers aldosterone release

a substance inside a cell that acts as a messenger after a nonsteroid hormone binds to receptors outside the cell

hormones with chemical structures similar to c holesterol that are lipid soluble & that diffuse through cell membranes

basic fuel source, such as carbohydrates, proteins, & fats

cells that possess specific hormone receptors

a hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that promotes the release of thyroid hormones

a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increases that rate of cellular metabolism & the rate & contractility of the heart

the body's most concentrated energy source & the form in which most fats are stored in the body

a hormone released by the thyroid gland that increases the rate of cellular metabolism and the rate and contractility of the heart

an increased cellular sensitivity to a hormone, often caused by increased hormone receptors