4. slow absorption of glucose (good for diabetics)
Two kinds of fiber
water soluble
water insoluble
What is pectin? Where is it found?
Water soluble fiber
In fruits - meat of apple, orange peel
What is psyllium? Where is it found?
Water soluble fiber
Metamucil(R)
What is another name for water insoluble fiber?
cellulose
Where is water insoluble fiber found?
Veggies!!!
You can also take Bran(R)
Can you have the words "prevention", "treatment" and "diagnosis" on food and dietary supplements?
No
By law, these are for drugs and drug-containing preparations.
Definition of nutraceutical
Nutrition + Pharmaceutical
food, dietary supplement, medical food, chemical compounds, product isolated or purified from foods
also diet supplement that delivers a concentrated form of a biologically active component of a food in a non-food matrix
to promote health and protect against and reduce the risk of disease
medicinal properties
Which of these are NOT chemical compounds?
- vitamin, mineral, herbals, neurotransmitters, hormones, functional food, animal products
herbals
functional food
What is a "non-food matrix"?
component has been taken out from the food and given in a different form (i.e. capsule, tablet etc.)
Definition of Functional Food (FF)
a regular food item or something looking like a food item, readily availble in local stores and containing components capable of providing physiological or medical benefits above and beyond their basic nutritional functions
2) Food items to which bioactive compounds are added above the amount that is already present in the food item (FORTIFICATION) to achieve a particular purpose
3) Engineered functional foods (or MAN MADE products)
Carrots contain ____.
carotenoids
What is carotein good for? What is the mechanism in the body?
Beta caroteins are good for the eyes
caroteinoid is metabolized into vitamin A in the body
Garlic contains ___
sulfur compounds
Benefits of sulfur compounds
Lower BP (5-10%)
Lower cholesterol mildly
Lower glucose mildly
Antioxidant
Oats and cereals contain ___.
beta glucan
What is beta glucan?
this is FIBER
contains both kinds of fiber
Benefits of beta glucan
lower cholesterol
benefits of soya flour
protein!
(however contains some cholesterol as well)
Fish oils contain ____
omega 3 fatty acid
Benefit of omega 3 fatty acid
lower blood triglyceride (however does not really lower cholesterol)
lower BP mildly by relaxing blood vessels
Omega 3 fatty acids come from the cod fish oil. T or F?
False
comes from the flesh of fish
fruits contain ___
flavonoids
Benefits of flavonoids?
Antioxidant!
(contained in the peel of fruits so eat the whole apple)
Tofu contains ____.
isoflavones
protein
calcium
soybean protein
Benefits of isoflavones
lower BP
fight cancer (controversial)
Mechanism of the process of tofu
soy bean -[lime]-> coagulated protein
Where does calcium component of tofu comes from?
Lime
soy bean is treated with lime, which is calcium hydroxide
Where does protein component of tofu come from?
after soybean is treated with lime, it becomes coagulated PROTEIN
Benefits of soybean protein
lower cholesterol
(good substitute for meat, so if taking a meat-less hamburger, check soybean protein in the label)
What is the FDA recommended daily amount of soybean protein to lower cholesterol?
fruit punch, ginseng extract, fortified with vitamins and minerals
What is RedBull? What does it contain?
Engineered functional food
caffeine and taurine
What is taurine?
sulfonic acid (amino acid that is found in the body)
For whom is taurine used?
alcoholism
diabetes
what is the mechanism of taurine?
It enters brain to have GABA effect to bring you down
What should you be careful in PowerBar?
has a lot of starch and fats (~200 cal per bar)
Power bar is an example of _____ food.
engineered functional food
Gatorade is an example of _____ food.
engineered functional
What is the purpose of Gatorade?
hydration
electrolyte replenish
what does high corn syrup contain?
fructose
glucose
High oleic canola oil is an example of ___
fat
Inulin is a ____.
soluble fiber
Why is it impotant to state "made on equipment that also prrocesses WHEAT"?
wheat has protein called GLUTEN
this is of concern for those with CELIAC DISEASE
Polyphenol is a/an _____.
Where is it found?
antioxidant
apple
Anthocyanine is a/an ___.
Where is it found?
antioxidant
blackberry
Theaflavin is a/an ___.
Where is it found?
antioxidant
black tea
Cereal bran has a lot of ___ and ____.
fiber
phenolic acid
Benefit of dark chocolate
prevent atherosclerosis
lower BP
antioxidant (EPICATECIN)
Epicatecin is a/an ____.
Where is it found?
antioxidant
dark chocolate
Are functional foods truly beneficial?
YES
Benefits of functional food
claimed health benefits
quicker way to attain health benefits than by eating regular food
convenient for lifestyle
cheaper than conventional medications
can be used as a complement or alternative to other health products
Is functional food regulated by the government?
NO
rely on manufacturer
Can you rely on functional food only?
NO
should not replace the main food because FF is INCOMPLETE
use as additive
what toxicity can overdose of vitamin B6 cause? What is its chemical name? What are the clinical outcomes?
nerve toxicity because this water soluble vitamin can destroy myelin sheath
also stimulate adrenal gland
yellow urine, gait (funny walk)
pyridoxine
Which two water insoluble vitamins can cause overconsumption toxicity? Why?
vitamin A and D
they stay in the body for long time so if you take too much, you get sick
ALL nutraceuticals and medical foods are regulated as ___ in the US.
FOOD
NOT as dietary supplements or drugs
FDA definition of Medical Food (MF)
FOod that is formulated to be consumed or administered enterally under the supervision of a QUALIFIED MEDICAL PROVIDER and and which is inteded for the SPECIFIC DIETARY MANAGEMENT OF A DISEASE OR HEALTH CONDITION for which distinctive nutritional requirements, based on recognized scientific principles, are established by medical evaluation
What is the ROUTE of medical food?
Enteral!
Medical food is also know as ___ diets.
therapeutic
(TD)
Medical food is available via OTC. T or F?
FALSE
only by prescription
Should medical food prove efficacy?
Yes
Should medical food undergo premarket review or approval by the FDA?
NO
it is not a drug
Does medical food need to be registered with the FDA?
NO
Medical food is regulated by _____.
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
MF need to comply to good manufacturing and control processing practices and are open to investigation in the event of adverse effects
Income Security Act (ERISA), Public Health Service Act, Internal
Revenue Code
Medical food insurance requires ___ to determine the minimum yearly coverage for all health insurance plans
Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS)
CHIP of the Social Security Act (state insurance for children) includes coverage of these medical foods and situation...
1) medically necessary food and food modified to be low protein
2) pharmacological doses of vitamins and amino acids used for the treatment of inborn errors of metabolism
Medical food should be given under supervision of a qualified medical provider. T or F
T (FDA definition)
Medical food should be intended for the specific dietary management of a disease or health condition. T or F?
T (FDA definition)
FDA does not consider medical food as regular food item. T or F
false
it is considered as regular food
An accurate statement of the net quantity of the contents (amount of product present) MUST be on the label of MFs. T or F
True
Name and address of the manufacturer, packer or distributor do not necessarily have to be on the label for MFs. T or F?
F
These are required
Complete list on ingredients in ascending order of predominance (from least to most abundant) should be on the MF label. T or F
F
DESCENDING
(from most to least abundant)
MF label must have every ingredients on the label. T or F
T
Name of sources for ingredeints that may be allergenic to humans (i.e. milk, egg, fish with name, crustacean shellfish with name, tree nuts with name, wheat, peanut, soybeans) should be on the MF label. T or F
True
MF label does not need to have the indication of the specific medical disorder or condition to be managed. T or F
F
Must have the indication listed.
MF includes all types of food fed to sick people. T or F
F
FDA requirement does not need to include all types
MF should include naturally occurring foods as well. T or F
F
FDA only requires formulated and processed food
MF must be a food for oral or tube feeding. T or F
T
enteral
MF must be labeled for the management of a specific medical disorder, disease or condition for which there are distinctive nutritional requirements. T or F
T
MF does not need to be used under medical supervision. T or F
F
FDA requires that MF is used under medical supervision
FDA requirement for MF (know this well)
for patients with a limited or impaired capacity to ingest, digest, absorb or metabolize ordinary foodstuffs or certain nutrients; or with special medically determined nutrient requirements which cannot be achieved by the modification of the normal diet alone.
Complex carbohydrates are used for ____. Why?
diabetics
these are large polysaccharides, so they break down to glucose more slowly. glucose level in blood can controlled.
High fiber content is used for ___ patients. Why?
diabetic
fiber slows or blocks absorption of glucose in intestine, thus keeping glucose as low as possible.
Highly branched amino acid compounds (HBCs) are used for ____. Why?
renal disease, chronic or acute renal failure
compared to non-HBCs, HBCs have less tendency to convert to ammonia, thus less tendency to produce urea that may accumulate in the blood.
What is the mechanism of non-highly branched amino acid problem in renal failure patients?
Non HBC is metabolized to become NH3 (ammonia gas) in blood. Ammonia goes through the urea cycle in the liver to become urea and is renally excreted.
In renal failure, kidneys are blocked so urine level increases in blood.
This is AZOTEMIA.
What is the dietary source of urine/urea/ammonia?
protein
What should a renally impaired person do to avoid azotemia?
consume less protein
take highly branched amino acid, instead of non-HBCs.
What are the three highly branched amino acid compounds (HBC)?
leucine
isoleucine
valine
Predigested macronutrients (i.e. lipid) and altered type or quantity of fat are used for _____.
inflammatory bowel disease with malabsorption problem (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)
spastic bowel syndrome
radiation enteritis
Why are those enriched with specific amino acids and fortified with high levels of vitamins are used for immunocompromised patients?
Amino acids are used by tissues to make antibodies. Vitamin is used as cofactor to this conversion.
Patient can resist infection.
What happens if phenylketonuria (PKU) patient takes phenylalanine?
phenylalanine (i.e. in milk, outside food) cannot be metabolized so it accumulates in the brain to cause mental retardation and damage.
Equal sugar contains ____ so it should not be consumed by ___ patients.
phenylalanine
PKU
It was recently found that gamma-linolenic acid and EPA (omega 3 fatty acid) may benefit _____.
allergic condition
Can gamma linoleic acid given in a noninstitutionalized setting?
Yes
DSHEA defines that dietary supplement does not have to be taken by mouth. T or F
F
by mouth
DSHEA defines that dietary supplement should contain DIETARY INGREDIENT intended to SUPPLEMENT THE DIET.
T
Vitamin is a dietary ingredient. T or F
T
Mineral is a dietary ingredient. T or F
T
Herb and botanical are NOT dietary ingredient. T or F
False
Amino acid is not a dietary ingredient. T or F
F
Substances intended to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake are dietary ingredients. T or F
T
Enzymes are NOT dietary ingredient. T or F
F
Substances intended to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake are dietary ingredients
i.e. pancrease
Tissues from organs and glands are NOT dietary ingredients. T or F
F
Substances intended to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake are dietary ingredients
i.e. for thyroid gland
A metabolite is a dietary supplement. T or F
T
A concetnrate or an extract is a dietary supplement. T or F
T
Does every supplement need to be labeled a "DS" according to DSHEA?
Yes
DSHEA recognizes DSs as ___, not as drugs.
foods
New dietary supplement (NDS) is a product that meets the definition of a DS but which contains a "new dietary ingredient" that was not sold in the USA before ____.
10/15/1994
The manufacturer (and distributor) of product must demonstrate to the FDA that the new dietary ingredient is ___for use in a DS, unless it is recognized as a ___ and is present in the ___.
safe
food
food
There is still authoritative list of dietary ingredients marketed before 10/15/1994. T or F
F
NO authoritative list
It is the responsibility of ____ to determine if the dietary ingredeint is "new".
1) FDA
2) DSHEA
3) manufacturer
3) manufacturer
According to DSHEA, manufacturer and FDA are both responsible for the safey of a DS that is manufactured before it is marketed in the US. T or F
F
ONLY the manufacturer
government has no responsibility
Can FDA government take any action against any unsafe DS after it is marketed?
Yes.
all DS are treated as food.
Manufacturers need to register their products with the FDA nor get the FDA approval before producing or selling DS. T or F
F
do NOT need to register the products in general
Manufacturers must make sure that the product label information is neither false or misleading. T or F
True
How is FDA involved with dietary supplement?
postmarketing monitoring for safety (adverse effects), labeling, claim, package inserts and accompanying literature
Why does FDA bother monitoring dietary supplement?
FDA wants to ensure that "drug" or "drug related" statements on the dietary supplement product.
Effectiveness of the DS product is required. T or F
F
Safety of the DS product is required. T or F
T
___ of DS product is required but ____ is not required.
safety
effectiveness
***This is for NEW dietary supplement only.
can we say that a difference exists between a nutraceutical and a dietary supplement in terms the definitions presented?
a definition of nutraceutical includes all - functional food, medicinal food, dietary supplement, food.
Safety of DS is required for DS that was manufacturerd before 10/15/1994. T or F
F
Superfood: A special category of ____ (natural/synthetic) foods, ___ (high/low) in calories and loaded with specific health relevant components.
natural
low
What are the exceptions of superfood because of its high caloric content?
salmon
nuts
Barley is a type of ___
a) sprout
b) seed
c) nuts
d) powder
e) vegetable
seed and sprout
Buckwheat is a type of ___
a) sprout
b) seed
c) nuts
d) powder
e) vegetable
seed
Edamame is a type of ____. It is a whole ___.
a) sprout
b) seed
c) nuts
d) powder
e) vegetable
seed
soybean
quinoa is a type of ___.
a) sprout b) seed c) nuts d) powder e) vegetable
seed
Swiss chard is a type of ____.
a) sprout b) seed c) nuts d) powder e) vegetable
vegetable
Bee pollen is a pollen mixed with ___.
bee nectar
Kefir is a fermented ___. It's sparkling and sour.
milk
Cactus is rich in ___ and ___.
vitamin
mineral
Maca is a type of ___.
a) sprout b) seed c) nuts d) powder e) vegetable
powder
Almonds contain ___ and ___. Also has more ___ fiber than ___ fiber.
vitamin E
phytosterol
insoluble than soluble
Which lipid does almond lower?
a) cholesterol b) LDL c) triglyceride d) increase HDL
cholesterol
LDL
Almond affect ___.
a) BP b) glucose c) blood vessel d) antioxidant e) general health
glucose
Barley contains ___ fiber.
soluble fiber
Which lipid does barley affect?
a) cholesterol b) LDL c) triglyceride d) increase HDL
cholesterol
LDL
Barley affect ___
a) BP b) glucose c) blood vessel d) antioxidant e) general health
glucose
Beans contain ___, ___, ___, and ___.
They contain electrolytes ___ and ___.
antioxidant
folate
insoluble fiber
protein
Mg and K
Antioxidant, Mg, K and folate of beans help ___
a) BP b) glucose c) blood vessel d) antioxidant e) general health
BP
Insoluble fiber and protein of beans affect ____.
a) cholesterol b) LDL c) triglyceride d) increase HDL
lower cholesterol
Beans affect ___
a) BP b) glucose c) blood vessel d) antioxidant e) general health
glucose
Bluberries and cherries have ___, ___ and ___.
They have more ___ fiber than ___ fiber.
anthocyanine
vitamins
minerals
insoluble than soluble
How do blueberries and cherries benefit?
a) BP b) glucose c) blood vessel d) antioxidant e) general health
antioxidant
blood vessel protection
general health
Broccoli has __ fiber and vitamins _, _ and _.
insoluble
A, C, K
Broccoli is good for ____.
general health
Carrots have ___ and ___
They have more __ fiber than __ fiber.
beta carotene
potassium succinate
insoluble than soluble
How do potassium succinate in carrots benefit you?
a) BP b) glucose c) blood vessel
lower BP
Insoluble fibers in carrot affect ___.
a) cholesterol b) LDL c) triglyceride d) increase HDL
a) BP b) glucose c) blood vessel
lower cholesterol
lower glucose
Edamame contains ___, ___ and ___.
It has more __ fiber than __ fiber.
isoflavones
omega 3 PUFAs
protein
insoluble than soluble
Edamame affect ___
a) cholesterol b) LDL c) triglyceride d) increase HDL
cholesterol
triglyceride
Omega 3 acid in fish affect ____
a) cholesterol b) LDL c) triglyceride d) increase HDL
triglyceride
omega 3 acid ___ (inc/dec) inflammation.
decrease
Flaxseed has more __ fiber than __ fiber.
It contains _____.
soluble than insoluble
alpha linoleic acid (ALA)
Flaxseed affect ____.
a) cholesterol b) LDL c) triglyceride d) increase HDL
cholesterol
LDL
triglyceride
Quinoa contains ___. It has vitamin __.
It contains ___ fiber.
It has minerals such as __, __, __ and ___.
protein
vitamin E
soluble
Mg, Fe, Se, Zn
___ and vitamin __ in quinoa are _________.
Selenium
vitamin E
antioxidants
Oats have ___ fiber. It affects ____.
a) cholesterol b) LDL c) triglyceride d) increase HDL
soluble fiber
cholesterol
LDL
Oats affect ___
a) BP b) glucose c) blood vessel
glucose
Extra virgin type olive oil contains ____.
It affects ____
a) cholesterol b) LDL c) triglyceride d) increase HDL
omega 6 PUFA
cholesterol
LDL
Olive oil (extra virgin) contains ___ and ___.
omega 6 PUFA
polyphenol
Polyphenol protects ____ via its ___ effect.
vessels
antioxidant
Oranges contain ___, vitamin __ and __, which is a ___ fiber.
flavonoid
vitamin C
soluble
Oranges affect ____.
a) cholesterol b) LDL c) triglyceride d) increase HDL
lower cholesterol
Oranges affect ___.
a) BP b) glucose c) blood vessel
all of the above
Red wine contains __, ___ and ___.
resveratrol
flavvonoids
alcohol
Red wine benefits ___.
a) BP b) glucose c) blood vessel d) antioxidant e) general health
BP
antioxidant
blood vessel
also ANTIPLATELET
a) BP b) glucose c) blood vessel d) antioxidant e) general health
How does alcohol in red wine benefit you?
increase HDL
Spinach contains ___, ___, ___, and ___.
vitamins __, __, and __
minerals __, __, __, and__.
more ___ fiber than __ fiber.
protein, folate, lutein, beta carotene
vitamins A, C, K
Mg, Fe, Mn, K
insoluble than soluble
How does spinach benefit?
a) BP b) glucose c) blood vessel d) antioxidant e) decrease cancer
BP, glucose (good for DM), antioxidant
decrease cancer
eye and heart disease
Spinach helps with ___.
a) cholesterol b) LDL c) triglyceride d) increase HDL
cholesterol
Swiss chard has ___, ___ and vitamin __.
Also minerals __ and __.
fiber, carotene, vitamin A
Mg and K
Walnuts affect___.
a) cholesterol b) LDL c) triglyceride d) increase HDL
cholesterol
LDL
Tofu affect ___.
a) cholesterol b) LDL c) triglyceride d) increase HDL
cholesterol
triglyceride
Walnuts contain ___ and __ fiber.
omega 3 MUFA
insoluble fiber
Walnuts affect___.
a) cholesterol b) LDL c) triglyceride d) increase HDL
cholesterol
LDL
What is the generic of Limbrel(R)?
flavocoxid
What does flavocoxid contain?
flavonoids
citrated zinc bisglycinate
Which flavonoids does Flavocoxid contain?
baicalin
catechin
What is the purpose of citrated zinc in Flavocoxid?
source of elemental zinc (10mg)
Flavocoxid is indicated for ___ arthritis but not ___.
osteo
not rheumatoid
What is the mechanism of action for Flavocoxid?
dual inhibition of archidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX and lipoxygenase
also antioxidant effect in joints
Flavocoxid is an example of ___.
a) DS b) FF c) MF d) SF
medical food
Flavocoxid does not need a prescription. T or F
False
this is a medical food!
Benefits of maca
great source of protein
aphrodisiac: sexual stamina increases
Apple contains ___, ___, ___ and ___.
minerals __, __, __, __ and __.