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When & where was pharmacology recognized as a distinct discipline?
Department of Pharmacology was established in Estonia in 1847.
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Where & who (considered the father of American pharma) founded the first US department of pharmacology?
John Jacob Abel founded the 1st pharma dept in US @ the University of Michigan in 1890.
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What is the central purpose of Pharmacology?
Focused on the pt and improving the quality of life.
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Drug?
Any substance that is taken to prevent, cure, or reduce symptoms of a medical condition.
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Pharmacology?
The study of medicines.
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Pharmacotherapy or Pharmacotherapeutics?
Is the application of drugs for the purpose of disease prevention & tx of suffering.
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What factors may elicit diff responses when taking drugs?
A pts age, race, gender, body mass, health status & genetics.
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What is a goal of Pharmacotherapy?
To select the perfect or ideal drug for the pt.
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Indications?
The condition for which a drug is approved.
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Unlabeled or Off-Label Indications?
Drugs that are used for conditions for which they have not been approved.
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Therapeutic Classification?
Describes what is being treated by the drug.
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Pharmacologic Classification?
Describes how the drug acts.
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What is a key factor in placing a particular drug in a Therapeutic Classification?
Is to simply state what condition is being treated.
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What prefix is often used in Therapeutic Classifications?
Anti-
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What does a Pharmacologic Classification address?
A drugs mechanism of action or how a drug produces its effect in the body.
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Prototype Drug?
Is the agent to which all other drugs in a class are compared.
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What is an advantage of learning a Prototype Drug in depth?
The actions & adverse effects of other drugs in the same class may be predicted.
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What are the 3 basic types of drug names?
Chemical, Generic, & Trade Names.
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Chemical Names?
Are assigned using standard nomenclature established by the International Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), has only 1 chemical name, which is sometimes helpful in predicting a drug's physical & chemical properties.
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Generic Name?
Assigned by the US Adopted Name Council, GN are less complicated & easier to remember than CN, many orgs, including FDA, US Pharmacopeia, & WHO routinely describe meds by GN, HCP's often use, & students MUST memorize.
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Trade Names, sometimes called proprietary, product, or brand name?
Assigned by the pharmaceutical company marketing the drug.
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Exclusivity?
A period of time, granted by the FDA, to a pharmaceutical company giving them exclusive rights to name & market a drug for a certain amt of yrs (typically lasting 5 yrs) after it approves a new drug application. During this time competing companies are not allowed to market generic versions of the product.
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Combination Drugs?
Drugs w/more than one active generic ingredient.
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Are there differences between brand name & generic equivalent?
The answer is unclear.
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What is the key to comparing brand name & generic equivalents?
Bioavailability
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Bioavailability?
Defined by the Federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act as the rate & extent to which the active ingredient is absorbed from a drug product & becomes available @ the site of drug action to produce its effect.
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What are some factors that can affect Bioavailability?
Inert ingredients & tablet compression
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Bioequivalent?
Trade & generic products have the same rate of absorption & onset therapeutic action.
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What is a general rule of bioavailability?
Bioavailability is of most concern when using critical care drugs & those with a narrow safety margin.
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Before administering a drug to a pt a nurse must obtain and process:
Pertinent info regarding a pt's medical hx, physical assessment, disease processes, & learning needs & capabilities.
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