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first bacteria that came into being about 3.5 billion years ago
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eukaryotes are typed by..
- protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals
- larger cels, with nuclei and complex internal structures
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cyanobacteria
photosynthetic bacteria that used their chlorophyll pigments in process of photosynthesis
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bacteria are generally what 3 major forms:
- Bacilli (rod-like)
- Cocci (spherical)
- spirochetes (if rigid) / spirilla (if flexible)
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diplococci are...
two cocci in a group
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streptococci are ...
cocci in a chain
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tetrads are
cocci in groups of 4 or 8
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cocci occur in random clusters is called ...
staphylococcus (looks like grapes)
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which of the cocci configurations would cause gonorrhea?
diplococcus
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which cocci configuration causes "strep throat"
streptococcus
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all bacteria are encased in a ..?
cell wall
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the cell wall contains?
polysaccharide and protein
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protein in cell wall called?
peptidoglycan
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what gives the rigidity and strength to the cell wall and is found in no other living things
peptidoglycan
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what is the site of the bacterium's vulnerability to certain antibiotics and give one example of that antibiotic?
- the cell wall;
- and penicillin and its relative
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the antibiotics that's effective toward gram negative bacteria and explain how their prevention?
- penicillium and such;
- prevents the bacterium from synthesizing peptidoglycan and leave microbe with only cell membrane. interncal pressure will cause the cell to swell and burst
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structure of bacterial cell membrane (aka plasma membrane)
-double layer of phospholipids wiht protein molecules suspended in phospholipids at the surface and spanning the layers
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some of the protein, in the phospholipids, that functions as enzymes during chemical reactions...their everchanging nature gave them this name
fluid mosaic
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the gap between cell wall and cell membrane of a gram negative bacteria and the material in that gap is call?
- gap: periplasmic space
- material: periplasm
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explain the importance of the periplasmic space
- are that is active and important process center;
- such as organic nutrients too large to pass thru membrane often broke down in this area; OR peptidoglycan synthesis occurs here; OR membrane constituents are placed in the correct slots here
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the coating outside the cell wall
glycocalyx
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a capsule that's tightly bound to the cell, or a slime layer if slimy and flowing
glycocalyx
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function of glycocalyx
attachment, protection, motility
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cytoplasmic area where the bacterial chromosome concentrates is called
nucleoid
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tiny loops of DNA called, and what their function is
- Plasmids,
- -have genes that encode proteins for nonessential cell functions
- -replicated independently of chromosome, can be isolated, opened, and modified with new genes
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nescessary structures of the bacteria's cytoplasm
ribosomes, variety of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleotides
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ribosomes' function
- consist of RNA and protein,
- -transfer RNA molecules and a host of orgaic substances that make up the body of the cell
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certain bacteria have the ability to produce THIS type of extraordinarily resistant structure; also give two examples that have this structure
- Endospore (aka spore)
- examples: Bacillus and Clostridium
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what does a spore consist of?
contains a chromosome, two cell membranes, a cortex, a spore coat, and a surrounding wall called exosporium
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surrounding wall of a spore is called?
exosporium
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ability to form spores is a key to certain types of...
bioterrorism
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binary fission
process that reults in a colony (or clone) of genetically identical cells
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culture medium (or media, sing)
a water solution of various nutrients that encourage the growth of a particular species of microorganism; normally have source of energy
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culture in a liquid called?
broth
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culture in soild form?
agar
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selective medium
encourage growth of one species while discouraging growth of another
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enriched medium
special nutrients are added in the nutrient agar for cultivation
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archaea have their own domain because...
extremely harsh environemnts which species live
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examples of organisms in extreme environments
extremophiles, thermoacidophiles, methanogens, extreme halophiles
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thermoacidophiles
organisms live under extremely acidic and extremely hot conditions
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methanogens
live solely on carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water; produce methane under oxygen-free conditions
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extreme halophiles
live in high-salt environments
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cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic bacteria contain
chlorophyll pigments, different colors dur to various forms of pigments, use sulfur bacteria extensively in chemical reactions
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photosynthetic bacteria are groups, in terms of sulfur
- green sulfur bacteria
- pruple sulfur bacteria,
- purple nonsulfur
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autotropic microbes
photosynthesizers because they synthesize own food
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heterothrophic microbes
microbes that use preformed organic matter for food
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cyanobacteria have what kinds of pigments?
green chlorophyll pigments,
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nitrogen fixation
cyanobacteria take up nitrogen from atmosphere and use to synthesize ammonia and other nitrogen-containing substances
some species of cyanobacteria carry this out; cyanobacteria take up nitrogen from atmosphere and use it to synthesize ammonia and other nitrogen-containing substances, which plants can incorporate into organic compounds when bacteria die
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process of nitrogen fixation occurs within
heterocysts
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heterocysts are?
specialized cyanobacterial cells
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symbiosis
mutually beneficial relationship
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most bacteria are
heterotrophic eubacteria
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heterotrophic eubacteria key players to..
- -nitrogen, sulfur, iron, phosphorus, and other nutrients
- -many are decomposers/ producers
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this genera are among the few organisms that trap nitrogen from atmospherea nd synthesize useful organic compounds
Azotobacter and Rhizobium
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importance of E. coli
- -strains of it live in human intestine and help new borns digest milk by breaking down its lactose
- -produces many industrial enzymes, vitamins, and amino acids
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importance of Lactobacillus
- live in femaile genital tract and help guard against infection by other microbes
- -used large-scale manufacturing of cheese, sour crea, yogurt, and other fermented milk products
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Spirila have....
flexible cells and flagella at ends of spiral
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Spirochetes have...
rigid cells and long flagella inserted beneath the outer membrane of cell wall
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actinomycetes
- "radiating" "fungus"
- -bacterias that are long, chainlike branching forms, with each chains operating independently
- -form very resistant spores at tips of their filaments
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Beggiatoa and Thiothrix
two imoprtant genera of gliding bacteria, that live in sulfur-rich muds and break down foul-smelling hydrogen sulfide, release sulfur which can used by other organisms
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myxobacteria
- antoher gliding bacteria
- -have a developmental cycle involve formation of reproductive structures called fruiting bodies
- -nutrients depleting, they congregate and interact with one another, evenutally producing a stalk with mass of cells at top
- -cells differentiate to sporelike bodies that are highly resistant to environmental stresses, allowing them to survive
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bdellovibrios
group of rod-shaped bacteria that prey on other bacteria
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bacteroides
a group of gram-negative bacterial rods that live in oxygen-free environments
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chemolithotrophic bacteria
a group of bacteria that derive their energy from chemical reactions and use simple carbon compounds and inorganic material to synthesize larger molecules
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acid-fast bacteria
- aka mycobacteria
- -rod shaped bacteria have large amts of mycolic acid in cell walls, making them difficult to stain
- -acid-resistant!
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many mycobacteria are ...two important ones are...
many are free-living; M. tuberculosis (cause tuberculosis) and M. leprae(causes leprosy)
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submicroscopic bacterias are...
- rickettsiae,
- chlamydiae,
- mycoplasmas
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mycoplasms
only bacteria that lack cell wall and smallest known bacteria
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bacterial pathogens
agents of human disease
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