government final vocab

a government in which all or most citizens participate directly

a government in which leaders made decisions by winning a competitive struggle for popular vote

people who posses a disproportionate share of some resource

view that the government is dominated by capitalists

view that the government is dominated by a few top leaders, most of whom are outside the government

view that the government is dominated by appointed officials

the belief that competition among all affected interests shapes public policy

a weak constitution that governed america during the revolutionary war

a meeting in philadelphia in 1787 that produced the new constitution

proposal to create a strong national government

the proposal to create a weak national government

plan to have a popularly elected house based on state population and a state-elected senate with two members per state

a government in which elected representatives make the decisions

the power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional

government authority shared by national and local governments

the powers given to the national government that are stated in the constitution

powers given, or reserved, to the state governments

powers shared by the national and state governments

constitutional power is shared by three branches of government; executive, legislative, judicial

a group with a distinct political interest

those who favor a stronger government

those who favor a weaker government

an alliance of factions

the first ten amendments to the constitution

an order to produce an arrested person before a judge

a law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a trial

a law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when committed

a new provision in the constitution that has been ratified by the states

an executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature

• the effort to transfer responsibility for many public programs and services from the federal govt to the states.
• the weakening of national government

money from the national government that states can spend within broad guidelines

terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants

section of the constitution allowing congress to pass all laws necessary and proper to its duties and has permitted congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it

• a state can declare void a federal law that, in the states opinion, violates the constitution
• this is NOT constitutional

the national government is supreme in its sphere and the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres are to be kept separate

state power to enact laws promoting health, safety and morals

process that permits voters to put forth legistlative measures directly onto the ballot

procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

money given by the national government to the states

federal grants for specific purposes

federal sharing of a fixed percentage of its revenue with the states

terms set by the national government that the states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds

a decision by an administrative agency granting some other part permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it

the flow of power and money from the states to local governments

the increased role of nonprofit organizations and private groups in policy implamentation

a federal law or regulation that contains language explicitly displacing or superseding any contrary to any state or local laws

a federal law or regulation that contains language conflicting with state or local laws, that cannot be effectively implemented due to such law or that concerns matters which washington possesses exclusive constitutional powers--like treaty making.

a distinctive and patterned way of thinking about how political and economic life ought to be carried out

a belief that one has an obligation to participate in civic and political affairs

a believe that one can affect government policies

a believe that you are a member of an economic group whos interest are opposed to people in other such groups

a belief that morality and religion out to be of decisive importance

a belief that personal freedom and solving social problems are more important than religion

a belief that you can take a part in politics or that a government will respond to the citizenry

the ability to understand and take part in politcs

the willingness of the state to respond to citizenry

denies the government the right, without due process of law, to deprive people of their life, liberty or property

a standard of equal treament that must be observed by the government

court cases that apply the bill of rights to the states

the right of the people to speak, publish and assemble

censorship of a publication

law should not punish speech unless there is a clear and present danger of creating harmful actions

writing that falsely injures another person

an act that conveys a political message

first amendment requirement that law cannot prevent free exercise of religion

first amendment ban on laws respecting an establishment of religion

court ruling that government cannot be involved with religion

improperly gathered evidence cannot be introduced in a criminal trial

those who favor a greater national authority rather than state authority

system in which each branch of govt can limit the power of the other

gives congress the power to regulate commerce among the states, with foreign nations

power held by both the congress and the states

system in which sovereign states are loosely tied to a central govt

those who favor a greater authority in the states than in the national authority

states that congress can exercise those powers that are necessary and proper for carrying out their enumerated powers

system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states

• madison, hamilton and jay
• persuading new york to adopt the constitution

• power of the courts to rule the constitutionality of laws
• established by marbury v madison

principle in which ultimate political authority rests with the people

the rights of th people to be treated without unreasonable unconstitutional differences

classification of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity

a supreme court test to see if a law denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling state interest and is not narrowly tailored to achieving a goal

racial segregation by law

social segregation

making certain that people achieve the same result

programs designed to increase minority participation by taking positive steps to appoint more minority group members

giving people the same chance at success or failure

how people think or feel about particular things

a survey of political opinion

polls based on interviews conducted on election day with randomly selected voters

process by which background traits influence ones political view

difference between political views of men and women

a more or less consistent set of belifs about what policies government out to pursue

persons with a disproportionate share of political power

a clause in the registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors voted before 1867

the practice in keeping blacks from voting in souther states primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation

a government printed ballot of uniform dimensions to be cast in secret that many states adopted in 1890 to reduce voting fraud associated with party printed ballots

people who tend to participate in all forms of politics

a group that seeks to elect candidates to public office

republican party faction of 1890s to 1910 composed of reformers who opposed patronage

periods when a major, long lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties

voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election

voting for candidates who are all in the same party

a ballot listing all candidates of a given office under the name of that office

a ballot listing all candidates of a given party together under the name of their party

a meeting of party delegates held every four years

delegates who run party affairs between national conventions

a party committe in congress that provides funds to members and would-be members

day to day party manager elected by the national committee

party leaders and elected officials who become delegates the national convention without running in primaries or caucuses

a party organization that recruits members by dispensing patronage

a party that values principled stands on issues above all else

the social rewards, sense of pleasure or status

an electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if he or she does not recieve the majority, just more than the next

a meeting of party members to select delegates backing on or another primary candidate

the person already holding office

the alleged tendency of candidates to win more votes because of the presence of a better known candidate

a committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations

an election held to choose which candidate will hold office

an election held to chose candidate for office

a primary election in which voting is limited to already registered party members

a primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place

a primary election in which each voter may vote for candidates from both parties

a second primary election held when no candidate wins a majority of the votes in the first primar

funds obtained by political parties that are spent on party activities, general use

organizations that raise and spend money to advance political causes

voting for a candidate because you favor his ideas

voting for a candidate because you like his past actions in office

nonprofit group that may legally address political matters but may not lobby, donations are tax deductible.

non profit group that is permitted to lobby and donations are NOT tax deductible

an organization of people sharing a common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy

a political organization whose goals will principally be to benefit its members

a signal telling a legislator what values are at stake in a vote and how that issue fits into his or her own political views

assessments of a representatives voting record on issues important to an interest group

an FCC rule that if a broadcaster sells time to one candidate, it must sell equal time to others

information leaking to the media to test the publics reaction to possible policy

paying attention only to those news stories with which on already agrees

the tendency of the media to be suspicious of officials and eager to reveal unflattering stories about them

a lawmaking body made up of two chambers

political districts in which candidates elected to the house of reps win in close elections, typically less than 55 percent of the vote

districts in which incumbents win by margins of 55 or more percent

an alliance between republican and conservative democrats

the legislative leader elected by party member holding the majority of seats in the house or senate

the legislative leader elected by party members holding a minority in the house or senate

a senator or representative who helps the party leader stay informed about what part members are thinking

a vote in which a majority of democratics oppose a majority of republicans

permanently established legislative committees

coggressional committees appointed for a limited time and purpose

a committee with both senators and representatives

the most common joint committee appointed to resolve the differences in the senate and house versions of the same bill

an expression of opinion either in house or senate to settle procedural matters in either body

an expression of opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both house and senate but not the pres

a formal expression of congressional opinion approved by both houses and the president

a bill may be sent to several committees

the speaker sends the bill to a second committee once the first committee is finished

a device where any member of the house, after a committee had had the bill for thirty days, may bring it back to the floor

an order from the house rules committee that sets time limit on debate and no amendments to the bill can be brought to the floor

an order from the house rules committee that permits a bill to be amended on the floor

an order from the house rules committee that permits certain kinds of amendments but not others to be made on the floor

the minimum number of members who must be present for business to be conducted in congress

a roll call in either house

• a rule used be senate to end or limit a debate.
• only way to end a filibuster

a procedure to keep the senate going during a filibuster in which the debated bill is shelved temprarily

a congressional voting in which members shout yea or nay; voting is quick and anonymous

a congressional voting in which member stand and are counted

a congressional vote in which members pass between two tellers, the yea through the first and the nays through the second

a congressional vote that consists of each member saying yea or nay to their name

legislation that vies tangible benefits to constituents in several districts with the hope of winning their votes