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How many animal species are there?
- 1.5 million
- (E.O. Wilson estimated 5-30 million)
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Unusual Habitats:
- Facial Mites
- Caves
- Hot Springs
- Moss on trees
- Beer Coasters
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The average animal is:
- Crunchy
- Buzzy
- Slimy
- Scaly
- Tiny
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How many phyla are there?
How many major ones?
- 30-36 phyla
- AND
- 9 major ones
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Lamarckism
(before Darwinsim)
- Inheritance of aquired characterics
- IE: Kids inherit characteristics
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Thomas Malthus
- concerned with human population growth.
- People are forced to compete for existence because of food supply because we tend to reprodce faster
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Sir Charles Lyell
- Uniformitarinism
- laws of physics and chemistry remain the same
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Charles Darwin
- Naturalist
- Formed Theory of Evolution, combined ideas of Malthus and Lyell to do so
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(Theory of evolution) Perpetual Change
Darwin noticed fossils of extinct marine organisms thousands of feet above present day sea level.
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Study of fossils suggested that...
Life forms on earth change
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Geoligist proposed....
that the earth is changed by gradual processes
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The fossil record reveals what?
That the organsims have evolved in a historical sequence
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fossils are...
rare and have to have the right conditions to fossilize
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The fossil record allowed Darwin to do what?
view the evolutionary change across the broadcast of time
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because of the fossil record, we can determine how long species survive which is...
1-10 million years
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Artificial selection
- The change of animals under the domestication by humans
- ie: dogs breeding with other dogs, creates a new type a dog
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(theory of Evolution) Common Decent
- Living species are descended from other earlier life forms
- ie: horses...they are HUGE now
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Homologies
- (The evidence Darwin used for common decent)
- They are anatomical structures within different organisms which originate from a structure or trait of their common ancestral organsim.
- Any similarity between characteristics of organisms that is due to their shared ancestry
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Ontogeny
The history of the development of an organism through its entire life
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Ernst Haekel
- Ontogeny Recapulates Phylogeny
- ---Individual development repeats evolutionary decent
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Haekel based his law on what?
The flawed premises
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what is a species?
- 1. share a common decent
- 2. interbreeding (can exchange genes)
- 3. geno and phenotypic cohesion
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How do species occur?
- 1.Allopatric speciation (barrier)
- IE: oceans..etc
- 2. Founder Effect---Colonization
- 3.Adaptative radiation
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(theory of evolution) Mulitplication of species
unless there is a high rate of extinction, more species will be produced through time.
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Sympatric speciation
Without reproductive barrier
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Evolution..
Changes over time (slow..gradually)
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Punctual equilibrium
happens real quick
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(theory of evolution) Gradualism
- larger changes in organisms occur by the accumulation of many smaller changes
- (i.e. evolution is a slow, continuous process)
- fossil records support gradualism
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Neo-Darwinism
Wesimanns change to darwins theory by removing inheritance of aquired characteristics
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theory of evolution was derived from...
the scientific method
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Ecology is...
The study of living organisms and their intereactions with the enviroment and other living organsims
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organism
the base of the ecological heirarchy
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population
a group of animals coexist with other of the same species
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Community
populations of different species co-occur in more complex associations
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Ecosystem
Consists of all populations in a community together with their physical enviroments
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Biosphere
The largest ecosystem
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Enviroment
Includes abiotic (living) factors and Biotic (nonliving) factors
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Niche
- A multi-dimensional relationship of species with its enviroment
- (2 types)
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Fundamental Niche
The potentional Niche
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realized niche
The subset of potentionally suitable enviroments that an animal actually experiences
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there are 2 limits on population growth...what are they?
- Density independent
- Density Dependent
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density dependent
- Abiotic limiting factors
- IE: frost kills all the mosquitos
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Density Independent
- Biotic limiting factors
- Ie: competition, predators, parasites
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predator/prey and parasite/host (inertaction)
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Commensalism
- (0,+)
- Ie: pilot fishes and remoras with sharks
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Mutualism
- (+,+)
- ie: termites and gut protozoa
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Competition is more complex when...
More than 2 species are sharing a limiting resource, they are competing for it
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Competition only occurs when
or more species share a LIMITING resources not just sharing resources.
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Niche overlap
the portion of resources shared by the niches of two or more species
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Competitive exclusion
Strongly competing species cannon coexist indefinitely
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Character displacement
To coexists in one habitat, species must specialize by partioning a shared resource.
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Guilds
When several species share the same general resource by partitioning resources
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Robert Macarthur
- Studied 5 species of birds
- How can they coexist?..They each used a diff part of the pine tree
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What happens when a predator relies on a single species?
both pops tend to fluctuate cyclically
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batesian mimicry
platable (non-toxic) prey can deceive potential predators by mimiking distasteful prey
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Mullerian mimicry
2 or more toxic species resemble each other
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Keystone species
An influential species on other species that if it is absent it drastically changes an entire community.
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(Trophic Levels and Food Webs) Primary producers
- Fix and store energy from outside the ecosystem
- (photosynthetic organisms)
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(Trophic Levels and Food Webs) Consumers
Herbivores eat plants directly; decomposers, bacteria, and fungi
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Baulplan
- German word meaning bluprints or building plan
- It defines animals and the groups within animals
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What is the best way to identify an organism?
To get the type speciman from a musuem and compare it morphologically
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(grades of complexity)
Protoplasmic
- All functions take place in single cells, or each cell (if colonial)
- Protists have this GOC
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GOC: cellular:
There is a division of labor among cells, but no segregation of cells that perform the functions
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GOC: tissue
Specialized cells seggregate organ, or organ system,: there is no segregation of tissue
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Body types: Cell aggregate
- No gut
- Energy absorption throught
- No true tissues or organs
- Ie: Sponges
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Sponges are in what phylum?
Porifera
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body types: Sac-like-body plan
- Has one opening for food and waste
- Ie: Sea Anemomes
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Sea Anemomes are in what phylum?
Cnidaria
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Body Plan: Tube within a tube
- 2 openings (like us)
- More efficient and digesting
- ie: us, round worm...(phylum nematoda)
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Spinal Cleavage
Cleavage planes are oblique to the polar axis
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Radial Cleavage
Symmetrical to the polar axis
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Cleavage
Process of development after fertilization of the egg
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Animals can be divided into groups based on:
- Grades of complexity
- Major Body Types
- Symmetry
- Cleavage
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Linnaues..
- Swedish Botonist
- Produced classification scheme for plants and animals
- "system Naturae"
- **Constructed the nomenclatural system we use today
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Linnaues's system of classification:
- 1. All animals have a unique name..it is binomial, genus and species epithat
- 2.Organisms are arranged into groups based on relatedness
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Heirachail system (8)
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- family
- genus
- Species
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Genus name is always..
Capitalized and italized
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Phylogenetics
- The scientific study of relationships between the many different kinds of life on earth
- Methods of analyzing and collecting data
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Ancestoral character state
character shared by all members within a group
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Derived Characters
Characters unique to a group or groups
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outgroup
- Organism we will compare the ingroup to.
- Not closely related to the ingroup but not unrelated to it.
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Clade
Subset of closely related organisms within a group
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Synpomorphy
a derived character shared by all members within a clade.
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Any character can fall into 3 categories:
- Monophyletic
- Paraphyletic
- Polyphyletic
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Monophyletic
Shared by all members within a group (have same characteristics)
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Apicomplexa
- All parasitic
- They live their life inside another organ/cell
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Ectoplam
gel-like (outside)
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Actin Skeleton
Protein strands out together
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Sarcodina
Amoeboid movement pseudopods
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Cilia (cilliaphora) has two main characteristics:
- 1. At some stage they have cilia
- 2. Two types of nuclei
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Compound Ciliature
For movement and feeding
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Protozoans are a group of...
Paraphyletic protoplasmic organsims
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ameba test:
- Sand and chitin
- Made of calcium carbonate
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Oldest known protists?
Randolarians: Marine Forums
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Suctorian Cilliate
Use long tentacles to attach to prey
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Malaria
- From mosquitos
- Phylum: plasmodium
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Protists can be divided into...
2 main groups depending on feeding strategy
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Phagocytosis
- A common type of feeding strategy
- Injest food particles
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Reproduction in protists is mainly by...
Binary Fission, cilliates, and apicomplexns....sexual reproduction!!
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