chapter 2 and 3 ling

the branch of linguistics that examines the inventory and structure of sounds of language

the component of a grammar made up of elements and principles that determine how sounds pattern in a language.

the universal system for transcribing the sounds of speech which has been developing since 1888

a vowel that shows a noticeable change in quality during its production

vowels that are perceived as relatively more prominent due to the combined efforts of pitch loudness and length

a unit of linguistic structure that consists of a syllabic element and any segments that are associated with it

a precise description of the sounds using lots of detail enclosed in square brackets

a description of word order in sentences with less detail needed just enough to distinguish one word from another enclosed in slashes

an approach to phonetics that studies the physiological mechanisms of speech production

the small ridge that protrudes from just behind the upper teeth

the highest part of the roof of the mouth

the soft area towards the rear of the roof of the mouth

the small fleshy flap of tissue that hangs down from the velum

the flap below the back of the throat that covers the wind pipe when you swallow

the area of the throat between the uvula and the larynx

the box-like structure located in the throat through which air passes during speech production commonly known as the voicebox

a historical process in which voiceless sound becomes voiced

the space between the vocal folds

parts of the vocal tract particularly the lips, tongue tip, tongue body, and larynx

sounds that are produced with a narrow or complete closure in the vowel tract

sounds that are produced with little obstruction in the vocal tract and that are generally voiced

the various configurations produced by positioning the lips tongue, velum, and glottis in different ways (e.g.. nasal, fricative, liquid)

sounds made with complete and monetary closure of air flow through the vocal tract (e.g. the initial sounds of pleasure and grab)

a manner feature that characterizes any sound made with the velum lowered

sounds produced by lowering the velum allowing air to pass through the nasal passages

consonants produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth accompanied by a continuous audible noise

non-continuant consonants that show a slow release of the closure

involves less obstruction than a fricative but more than a vowel

when the tip of the tongue makes full contact with the alveolar ridge but one side of the tongue is lowered

the glottal state in which the vocal folds are brought close together but not tightly closed causing air passing through them to vibrate

the glottal state in which the vocal folds are pulled apart allowing air to pass directly through the glottis

the points at which the airstream can be modified to produce different sounds

features that represent place of articulation

consonants that involve closure or constriction of the two lips

sounds involving the lower lip and upper teeth (e.g the initial sounds of freedom and vintage)

sounds made with the tongue placed against or near the teeth

consonant sound produced with the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge

sounds produced with the tongue tip in the region behind the alveolar ridge

sounds produced with the tongue on or near the palate

sounds made with the tongue touching or near the velum

sounds produced by using the vocal folds as the primary articulators

a class of sounds that shares a feature or features(e.g. voiced stops)

a vowel that is made with the tongue neither raised nor lowered(e.g. the vowels sounds in set and coke)

vowel produced with the tongue body neither forward nor retracted

a vowel with greater constriction opposite of open

a vowel with less constriction , opposite of close

drawing together of the corners of the lips as in rounder vowels

sounds made with the lips protruding

a set of muscles inside the larynx that may be positioned in various ways to produce different glottal states

the oral cavity, nasal cavity and pharynx

the muscles between the ribs that help maintain the air pressure necessary for speech production

the large sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen and helps maintain the air pressure necessary for speech production

the tube below the larynx through which air travels when it leaves the lungs; commonly known as the windpipe

the cartilage that forms the main portion of the larynx spreading outward like the head of a plow

the ring shaped cartilage in the larynx on which the thyroid cartilage rests

two small cartilages in the larynx that are attached to the vocal folds, enabling the vocal folds to be drawn apart or together

the glottal state in which the vocal folds are adjusted so that the front portions are pulled close together while the back portions are apart

the glottal state that produces voiced sounds with the vocal folds relaxed enough to allow enough air to escape on to produce a simultaneous whispery effect

vowels that do not show a noticeable change in quality during their production(e.g. the vowels sounds cab and get)

a dorsal feature that characterizes sounds produced with the tongue body raised

a dorsal feature that characterizes vowels made with the tongue body distinctly lowered from a central position in the oral cavity

a vowel that is made with tongue positioned in the back of the oral cavity(e.g. the vowel sounds in hoot and board)

a vowel that is made with the tongue positioned in the front of the oral cavity(e.g. the vowel sounds in seal and bat)

a dorsal feature that captures the tense-lax distinction among vowels

a vowel that is made with a placement of the tongue that results in relatively less vocal constriction(e.g. the vowel sounds in hit and but)

the lax vowel that is characterized by briefer duration than any of the other vowels(e.g. the underlined vowels in Canada,suppose)

one sound influencing the articulation of the other in a sequence of phonetic segments (e.g. in the sequence[pl], the tongue tip will start to move towards the alveolar ridge before the lips separate more than one articulate is active

articulatory adjustments that occur during the production of connected speech

the influence of one segment on another resulting in a sound becoming more like a nearby sound in terms of one or more of its phonetic characteristics (e.g. in english vowels become nasal if followed by a nasal consonant)

assimilation in which a sound influences a preceding segment(e.g. nasalization in english)

assimilation in which sound influence the following segment(e.g. liquid-glide devoicing in english)

a process that reduces a full vowel typically unstressed to a schwa

voicing assimilation in which a sound becomes voiceless because of a nearby voiceless sound(e.g. the l in place is devoiced because of the voiceless stop preceding it)

an assimilation process in which a dental or aveolar stop changes to a flap in the environment of other continuants

a process whereby one segment becomes less like another segment in its environment

a process that removes a segment from certain phonetic contexts(e.g. the pronunciation of fifths as fifs)

a proces that inserts a segment into a particular environment(e.g. the insertion of a schwa in the pronunciation of athlete)

a process that recorders a sequence of segments

a process that reduces a full vowel typically unstressed to a schwa