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What are the endocrine clands
- Hypothalamus (a neuroendocrine gland)
- •Pituitary gland
- •Adrenal glands
- •Thyroid gland
- •Islet cells of the pancreas
- •Parathyroid glands
- •Gonads
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What is simple feedback?
based upon blood values
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What is negative feedback
- a gland response for increasing or decreasing the secretion of a hormone
- ie. insulin or PTH
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What is positive feedback?
- increases target organ beyond normal
- ie oxytocin
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What is complex feedback?
- Usually involves several glands
- ie T3 and T4 Relaease
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Steroids _____ in mornings and _____ in evenings. Growth Hormones _____ during sleep
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The hypothalamus is known for
- being an important part of endocrine system
- produces hormones
- working closely with pituitary gland
- releasing and inhibiting hormones
- coordinates with ANS to produce fear and anger
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Anterior Pituitary
- larger portion
- regulated by hypothalamus
- Releases the Growth Hormone, Prolactin ( breast development and lactation), and Tropic hormones (controls and secretes other hormones by other glands
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Posterior Pituitary
- is an extension of the hypothalamus
- ADH and Oxytocin are produced in hypothalmus but stored in posterior pituitary
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ADH
- when stimulated the renal tubules reabsorb water
- creating a concentrated urine
- regulated by fluid volume and plasma concentration
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Oxytocin
- Stimulates the production of milk into mammary ducts
- Contract uterine smooth muscle
- Released by stimulation of touch receptors in the nipples of lactating women
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What are 2 pituitary disorders?
- Gigantism: excessive secretion before the closing of the epiphysis
- Acromegly: excessive secretion after the closing of the epiphysis
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SIADH
Syndrome of inappropriate diuretic hormone, leading to fluid retention, dilutional hyponatremia, and concentrated urine
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DI
- Diabetes Insipidus. This is a deficiency of ADH
- increased urine output
- dilute urine
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What is the function of the theyroid gland
the release of triiodothyronine (t3) and thyroxine (t4)
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T3 and T4 control what?
- metabolism
- Both hormones increase metabolism, which causes an increase in oxygen use and heat production in all tissues.
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Calcitonin
- produced by the thyroid
- in response to high levels of calcum
- inhibits reabsorption of bones , increases excretion of Ca
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PTH
- increases bone resorption,
- resulting in calcium release into blood, and promotes the reabsorption of calcium and excretion of phosphorus
- activates Vitamin D
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Adrenal Medulla
- releases catecholamines
- has an effect on all body systems
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Adrenal Cortex
- Releases more than 50 steroid hormones
- * glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- - effect on glucose metabolism
- - antiinflammatory action
- - stress response released by negative feedback (CRH and ACTH)
- * mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
- -released in response to fluid volume and altered potassium levels
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What is an Adrenal Cortex Disorder?
- Cushing Syndrome: excess glucocorticoids
- Addison's Disease: generally all 3 glucocorticoids are decreased
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A tumor of the adrenal medulla accompanied by hypertension is known as what
Pheochromocytoma
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The alpha cells in the pancreas release what and the beta cells in the pancreas release what
- alpha- glucogan
- beta- insulin
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What are some Thyroid disorders?
- Goiter
- Nodules
- Hyper and Hypothyroidism
- Thyroiditis
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exopthalomus, heat intolerance, anxiety, and Graves disease all indicate
Hyperthyroidism
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mineralcorticoids help control the body's
sodium and potassium levels
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Cortisol effects
- Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
- •The body's response to stress
- •Emotional stability
- •Immune function
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thyrocalcitonin (TCT) helps regulate
serum calcium levels
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When do steroids rise and decline?
When do growth hormones peak?
- steroids rise in the morning and decline at night
- growth hormones peak during sleep
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what kind of foods should be fed to a pt with hyperthyroidism?
high in calorie, protein, carbohydrates
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what position should a pt that has had a thyroidectomy be in?
Semi Fowlers – avoid flexion of neck, neutral position of neck
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In a pt with hypothyroidsim, what should we be concerned about?
Alert to hypoglycemia and hyponatremia
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If a patient is hyponatremic from hypothyroidism, what kind of solution would be good to use for IV therapy
- hypertonic solution
- also iv glucose
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Hyperparathyroidism is characterized by
- characterized by bone decalcification and the development of renal stones containing calcium
- can have hypercalcemia
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What are some conservative treatment options for a pt with hypercalcemia (hyperparathyroidism)
- Fluids
- Increase salt – increase Ca+ excretion
- Limit Ca+
- Medications: (depends if primary or secondary hyperthyroidism)
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The troussea and chvostek signs are indicitave of what and possible what?
- hypocalcemia
- hypoparathyroidism
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