Bio: Genetics

part of a strand of DNA- phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base

TACCGAAT

deoxyribonucleic acid... genetic information; coding for everything our cells do- strands of phosphates, sugars, and nitrogen bases

present in interphase; spaghetti; DNA strands

wound chromatin; two chromatids attached with a centromere make a chromosome; seperated in anaphase

two chromatids attached with a centromere; we have 46 chromosomes

meiosis goes through mitosis twice; creates 4 daughter cells instead of 2; used to make gametes

nucleus intact, chromatin, 46 chromosomes!

DNA duplicates, nucleus dissolves, spindle fibres start to grow

spindle fibres align chromosomes at the equator of the cell

spindle fibres pull chromosomes and pull chromatids to opposite poles of the cell

• cytokinesis tingzzz (:
• cleavage furrowing, two daughter cells, nucleus reforms

metaphase; synapsis- exchange of genetic information between chromosomes, allows genetic variation

• haploid: n (gametes; 23)
• diploid: 2n (body cells; 46)

meiosis; production of ovum/eggs; gametes/haploid; only one viable egg

meiosis; production of sperm; gametes/haploid; all four sperm are viable

genetic make-up of an individual

visible alleles of an individual

when sister chromatids don't seperate in anaphase

non disjunction; causing a gamete to have one more chromosome 18; the zygote will have a third chromosome 18

crossing ONE allele; punnett squares nd tingzz

crossing TWO allels; punnett squares nd tingzz

• dominant: will show even if only one of the two genes represents that allele
• recessive: needs both alleles to show; someone can be a carrier of a recessive gene

• homozygous: a pair of genes representing the same allele
• heterozygous: a pair of genes representing different genes

• 1: law of segregation
• - only one version of an allele can be represented in a gamete
• 2: law of independent assortment
• - the inheritance of one trait doesn't affect the inheritance of another

• - they grow quickly
• - they can only show one trait or another
• - they are very low maintenance

• codominance: when the two versions of the allele are dominant and both alleles are present (i.e. red and white alleles would make a red and white striped individual)
• incomplete dominance: when the two versions of the allele are recessive and a blend of the alleles is shown (i.e. red and white would make a pink individual

when the possibilities of an unknown genotype of an individual are crossed with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype

because they only have one x-chromosome so they only need one affected chromosome to become affected

• advantages: faster, simpler, only requires one organism
• disadvantages: lack of genetic variation

allows organisms to grow and repair

the division of cytoplasm

• gamete: sex cell; haploid cell
• somatic cell: body cell; diploid cell

testes/ovaries

puberty/embryo until birth

death/menopause

• deletion: a portion of the chromosome is lost
• duplication: a gene sequence is repeated
• inversion: a gene segments order is reversed
• translocation: a fragment of one chromosome attaches to another

• S phase: synthesis; dna is replicated
• G1: gap between mitosis and S
• G2: gap between S and mitosis; cell is ready to divide

uncontrolled cell division

carcinogens mutate the oncogenes which control the cell's replication mechanisms

the process of developing a system of arteries and veins to supply blood to the tumour

when some of the cancer cells break loose and move through the blood stream to another part of the body where it starts to multiply

surgery to remove the tumour (metasticized parts could be small) /radiation to kill the cancer cells (also kills other cells, some cells may be immune)

eukaryotic has a nucleus/ prokaryotic doesn't

an ordered display of an individual's chromosomes from mitotic cells; staining can reveal band patterns

pairs of chromosomes with the same banding pattern; one from the mother one from the father (minus x and y)

yeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee!!! (: