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What does the skeletal system consist of?
Bones, bone marrow, joints, ligaments, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and bursa
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Periosteum
tough fibrous materials that forms the outermost portion
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Compact
dense, hard, very strong, forms outer protective layer of bones,
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Spongy bone
lighter, not as strong, found in the ends of long bones. Red marrow is found here
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Medullary
located in the shaft of the long bone and is surrounded by bone
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Endosteum
Tissue that lines the medullary cavity
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Red bone marrow
located within the spongy bone. Manufactures red blood cells
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Yellow bone marrow
functions as a fat storage area. Located in the medullary cavity
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Hemopoietic
pertaining to the formation of blood cells.
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Cartilage
is smooth rubbery tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
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Articular cartilage
covers the surface of the bones where they come together to form joints.
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Meniscus
curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints
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Diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
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Epiphysis
covered with articular cartilage Proximal and distal
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Foramen
Opening in bone. It houses blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments. This allows attachment
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Process
Projection on the surface of a bone. Serves as attachment surface for ligaments and tendons.
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Joints
AKA-articulations
The place of union between 2 or more bones.
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Fibrous Joints
Consist of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue. These joints are knows as sutures in adults.
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Cartilaginous Joints
where ribs connect to the sternum.
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Pubic symphysis
allows movement to facilitate childbirth.
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synovial joints
created where 2 bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
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Synovial capsule
outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint.
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Synovial membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
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Synovial fluid
flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant
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Bursa
Fibrous sac. Cushion to ease movement. Shoulder, elbow, knee joints, where tendon passes over a bone.
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Axial
protects the major organs.
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Appendicular
makes body movements possible. Also protects organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction.
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Ankylosis
loss or absence of mobility in a joint or due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure.
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Arthrosclerosis
stiffness of the joints
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Bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
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Chondroma
slow growing benign tumor originating from cartilage cells
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Costochondritis
Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum.
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Hallux Valgus- aka bunion.
Abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe.
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Hemarthrosis
blood within a joint.
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Synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane.
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Synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane.
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Dislocation is also known as luxation.
It is the total displacement of a bone from its joint.
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Subluxation
partial displacement of a bone from its joint
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Osteoarthritis
wear and tear arthritis. Known as DJD- degenerative joint disease
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Spondylosis
also known as degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function. Aka spinal arthritis.
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Gouty arthritis- aka gout
Deposits of uric acid in joints. Uric acid forms crystals in the joints of the feet and legs.
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Rheumatoid arthritis- aka RA.
Chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of the body systems are attacked. The synovial membranes are inflamed and thickened causing painful, swollen, and immovable joints
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Ankylosing spondylitis
a form of rheumatoid arthritis that causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae.
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Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Autoimmune disorder that affects children 16 years old or younger. Causes stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue.
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Kyphosis
abnormal increase in the outward curve of the spine.
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Lordosis
abnormal increase in the forward curve of the lumbar spine.
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Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curve of the spine
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Herniated disk
slipped or ruptured disk. This is the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk.
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Lumbago
Low back pain. Lumbar region.
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Spondylolisthesis
the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it.
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Spina bifida
congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spindal canal fails to close completely around the cord.
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Craniostenosis
malformation of the skull due to premature closing of the skull
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Fibrous dysplasia
unknown cause. Destroys normal tissue and replaces is with fibrous tissue.
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Ostealgia- aka osteodynia
Pain in the bone.
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Osteitis
an inflammation of bone.
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Osteomalacia- adult rickets
Softening of bones. Related to a deficiency of Vit D and Calcium
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Osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone.
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Osteonecrosis
Death of the bone tissue.
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Paget’s Disease
unknown cause. Excessive breakdown of bone tissue followed by abnormal bone formation. Enlarged but weakened and filled with new blood vessels.
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Periostitis
inflammation of the periosteum. Associated with shin splints
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Rickets
infantile Osteomalacia
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Short stature
dwarfism. Little people. 4’10”
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Primary bone cancer
rare malignant tumor that originates from bone.
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Secondary bone cancer
tumors that have metastasized from other areas.
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Myeloma
type of cancer that occurs in blood making cells. Often fatal.
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Osteochondroma
benign bony projection covered with cartilage.
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Osteopenia
thinner than average bone density in a young person. May develop osteoporosis.
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Compression Fracture
vertebral crush fracture.
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Colles’ Fracture
fracture at lower end of radius when person tries to stop a fall with the hands.
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Osteoporotic hip fracture
broken hip. Can occur spontaneously.
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Closed Fracture
simple. No open skin.
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Open Fracture
compound. Skin is broken.
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Comminuted fracture
one in which the bone is splintered or crushed.
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Greenstick
incomplete. Bone is only partially broken.
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Oblique
occurs at an angle
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Pathologic fracture
weakened bone breaks under normal strain.
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Spiral fracture
bone has twisted apart. Common in sports injuries.
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Stress fracture
over use, small crack in bone.
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Transverse fracture
occurs straight across the bone.
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Fat embolus
can form when a long bone is fractured.
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Creptitation
grating sound heard when ends of a bone move together
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Callus
bulging deposit around a break.
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Ligament
bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone, or joining a bone to cartilage.
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Frontal bone
Forms the forehead
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Cranium
Portion of the skull that encloses the brain
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Parietal bones
2 bones that form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium
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occipital bone
forms the posterior floor and walls of the cranium
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Temporal bones
2 bones that form the sides and base of the cranium
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Sphenoid bone
forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit.
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Orbit
the bony socket that surrounds and protects the eyeball.
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Auditory ossicles
six tiny bones of the middle ear
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meatus
external opening of the canal
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Nasal bones
2 bones that form the upper part of the bridge of the nose.
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zygomatic bones
articulate with the frontal bones, cheekbones
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Maxillary bones
2 bones form most of the upper jaw.
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palatine bones
2 bones that form part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose.
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Lacrimal bones
2 bones that make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye
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Inferior Conchae
2 thing, scroll like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
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vomer bone
forms the base for the nasal septum
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nasal septum
cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavaties
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temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
joint that attaches the mandible to the skull
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thoracic cavity (rib cage)
bony structure that protects the heart and lungs
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ribs
aka costals, 12 pairs, attache posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
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true ribs
first 7 pairs of ribs that are attached anteriorly to the sternum
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false ribs
3 pairs that are attached anteriorly to cartilage that joins with the sternum
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floating ribs
last 2 pairs that are only attached posteriorly
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sternum
forms the iddle of the front of the rib cage and is divided into 3 parts
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manubrium
bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
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body of the sternum
structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
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pectoral girdle
supports the arms and hands (aka the shoulder girdle)
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girdle
structure that encircles the body
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clavicle
collar bone, is a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula
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acromion
an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
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humerus
the bone of the upper arm
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radius
smaller and shorter bone in the forearm. runs up the thumb side of the forearm
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ulna
larger and longer bone of the forearm. the proximal end of the ulna articulates withe the distal end of the humerus to form the elbow joint.
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olecranon process
funny bone, is a large projection on the upper und of the ulna
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carpals
the bones that form the wrist
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metacarpals
5 bones that form the palms of the hand
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phalanges
14 bones of the fingers, also of the toes
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spinal column
vertebral column, supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord
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vertebrae
26, bony structure units of the spinal column
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body of the vertebra
solid anterior portion
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lamina
posterior portion of the vertebra
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vertebral foramen
the opening in the middle of the vertebra
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cervical vertebrae
the first set of seven vertebrae that for the neck c1-c7
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thoracic vertebrae
second set of 12 vertebrae, form the outward curve of the spine. t1-t12
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lumbar vertebrae
last 5 vertebrae, form inward curve of the lower spine. l1-l5
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sacrum
slightly curved, triangular shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back
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coccyx
form the end of the spine and is actually made up of 4 small vertebrae that are fused together.
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intervertebral disks
made of cartilage, separate and cusion the vertebrae from each other
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pelvic girdle
pelvis or hips, protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities
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ilium
broad blade shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
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sacroiliac
slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium
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ischium
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting
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pubis
forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, which is just below the urinary bladder
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pubic bones
the ileum,ichium, and the pubis art separate at birth but fuse together. Held together by the pubic symphysis
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acetabulum
hip socket, the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint.
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knees
complex joints that make possible movement between the upper and lower leg
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popliteal
means referring to the posterior space behind the knee where the legaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located
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cruciate ligaments
make possible the movements of the knee. Known as the anterior and posterior cruciate legaments
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tibia
the larger weight bearing bone in the anterior of the lower leg (shin bone)
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fibula
the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
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malleolus
rounded bony protuberance on each side of the ankle
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ankles
form the joint between the lower leg and the foot.
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tarsals
seven bones that make up the ankle
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talus
the anklebone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
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calcaneus
heel bone, the largest of the tarsal bones
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metatarsals
5 bones that form part of the foot to which the toes are attached
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phchiropractor
holds dr of chiropractic degree and specialized in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine.
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orthopedic surgeon
a physician who speacilizes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles
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osteopath
dr of osteopathy and uess traiditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation.
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podiatrist
speacializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
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arthroscopy
visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
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bone marrow biopsy
diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test
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bone marrow aspiration
the use of a syringe to withdraw the liquid bone marrow
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints
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bone scan
a form of nuclear medicine
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bone density testing
used to determine losses or changes in bone density
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ultrasonic bone density testing
a screening test for osteoporsoris or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass
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dual x-ray absorptiometry
a low exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
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bone marrow transplant
used to treat certain types of cancers
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allogenic bone marrow transplant
uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor
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allogenic
originating within another
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autologous bone marrow transplant
the patient receives his own bone marrow cells which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and then stored before the remaining bone marrow is destroyed
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autologous
originating within and individual
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arthotic
mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace or splint, that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function
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prosthesis
a substitute for a diseased or msising body part
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arthrodesis
surgical ankylosis, is a surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint
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arthrolysis
a surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
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arthroscopic surgery
a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint
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bursectomy
the surgical removal of a bursa
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chondroplasty
surgical repair of damaged cartilage
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synovectomy
the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint
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arthroplasty
the surgical repair of a damanged joint
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bone-conserving hip resurfacing
an alternative to removing the head of the femur. function is restored to the hip by placing a metal cap over the head of the femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum
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revision surgery
is the replacement of a worn or failed implant
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percutaneous diskectomy
treats a herniated intervertebral disk. a thin tube is inserted through the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured disk or to vaporize it with a laser
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percutaneous vertebroplasty
treats osteoporosis related compression fracture. bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column
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laminectomy
surgical removal of a lamina, or posterior portion, of a vertebra
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osteoclasis
surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
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periosteotomy
an incision through the periosteum to the bone
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closed reduction
the attempted realignment of the bone involeved in a fracture or joint dislocation
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traction
a puling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effor to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
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external fixation
a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieaces of bone firmly in place during healing
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internal fixation
a fracture treatment which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place. usually not removed after the fracture heals
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