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Describes the structures of the body
*What they are made of
*Where they are located
Anatomy
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The study of the functions of anatomical structures
*individual and cooperative functions
Physiology
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Why do we study anatomy and physiology together?
In order to understand HOW something works (physciology), we need to accurately describe WHAT the structure is (anatomy)
All physiological functions are performed by specific anatomical structures
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Human Organ Systems
The body is divided into 11 organ systems; All organ systems work together; many organs work in more than one system
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11 Organ Systems
- Inegumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
- Blood and Lymphatic System (Immune)
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproduction
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All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal enviroment
Systems respond to external and internal changes in order to function within a normal range
State of equilibrium
Homeostatis functions via feedback loops (negative and postive)
Homeostatis
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Maintaining Homeostatis Involves:
Receptor-receives the stimulus
Control center-processes the signal and sends instructions
Effector-carries out instructions
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Body senses change and activates mechanisms to reverse (negate) the stimulus
Most physiological mechanisms are negative feedback loops
*Examples: Regulation of blood glucose, body temperature, blood pressure
Negative Feedback Loops
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Self-amplyfiying change--leads to change in same direction; effector reinforces stimulus
Normal way of producing rapid changes
Response to special conditions resulting in a temporary physiologic state
Positive Feedback
Examples: childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestions, generation of nerve signals
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Forearm positions
Supine: Palms face forwards or upwards, radius and unla parallel
Prone: palms face rearward or downward, radius and ulna crossed
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Sagital Plane
Right and left halves
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Frontal (cornal plane)
front and back portions
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Transverse (horizontal)
upper and lower portions
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Anterior
surface of chest and belly
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Axial Region
head, neck, trunk
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Appendicular Regions
- Limbs
- upper limb (brachium (arm), manus (hand), etc)
- lower limb (thigh, crus (leg), tarsus (ankle), etc)
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Space between 2 tissue layers normally pressed firmly together
-may separate adn fill with fliud in unusal situations. Ex: pleural cavity: air or fluid can accumulate between parietal and visceral pleura forming space
-uterus. Ex: in a nonpregnant uterus, mucous membranes of walls are in contact
Potential Spaces
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4 Body Cavities and Membranes
- Cranial and Vertebral
- Thoracic
- Abdominal
- Potential Space
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