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the branch of science that includes the study of structure and the relationship of those stuctures to each other.
Anatomy
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study of form (morphology) and markings on the surface of the body
Surface anatomy
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study of structures that can be examined without the use of a microscope
Gross (macroscopic) anatomy
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study of specific systems of the body, such as the nervous system
systemic anatomy
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study of specific region of the body such as the head or chest
regional anatomy
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study of the structures of the body with the use of x-rays
radiographic anatomy
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sudy of development from the fertilized egg to mature adult
developmental anatomy
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study of development of the fertilized egg through the first eight weeks of uterine growth
embryology anatomy
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microscopic study of the structure of tissues
histology
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microscopic and chemical study of the structure of cells
cystology
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study of the strucural changes associated with disease. Includes both gross (macroscopic) and microscopic study
Pathological anatomy
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the branch of science that includes the study of the functions of an organism or its parts
physiology
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study of the functions of cells
cell physiology
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study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging
pathophysiology
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study of changes in cell and organ functions during muscular activity
exercise anatomy
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study of the functions of nerve cells
neurophysiology
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study of the function of endocrine glands and the hormones they release
endocrinology
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study of the functions of the heart and blood vessels.
cardiovascular physiology
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study of our immune system and the function of our body defense mechanisms
Immunology
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study of the function of the lungs and air passageways
Respiratory physiology
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study of kidney functions
renal physiology
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the first level of structural organization.
chemical levels
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carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
four essential atom in the body
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proteins
carbohydrates
fats
vitamins
enzymes
atoms combine to from molecules
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second level of structural organization
cellular level
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are the basic structural and functional units of an organism
cells
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third highest level of structural organization
tissue level
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group of cells and the materials surrounding them, that usually arise from common cellular origins (primary germ layer) and work together to perform a particular function
tissues
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epithelial
muscle
connective
nervous
basic type of tissues
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fourth highest level of structural organization
organ level
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structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues, have specific functions, and usually have recognizable shapes. heart, lungs, liver, brain stomach
organs
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composed of epithelial and connective tissue to protect the stomach and reduce friction when the stomach moces and rubs against other organs within the abdominal cavity
serosa or outer covering of the stomach
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contracts to churn and mix food, and push it along toward the small intestine
muscular tissue
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composed of epithelial tissue with specialized cells that contribute fluid and aid in the digestion of food.
the inner lining of stomach
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the fifth highest level of structural organization
system level
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consists of several related organs that have a common function
system
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includes the skin, hair, nails, seat and oil glands.
helps regulate body temp., removes some of the body wastes produced vit. D and contains sensory organ for pain, pressure, temperature, and light touch
integumentary system
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includes the bones of the body and cartillage.supports and protects the body, aids in body movement, give rise to blood cells, and stores minerals
skeletal system
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cardiac and smooth muscle tissue. aids the body movement, stabilizes body positions, and generates heat
muscular system
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*brain, spinal cord, nerves, senses
*interprets, regulates, and directs body activities through nerve impuses
nervous system
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*endocrine glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood.
*regulates body activities by targeting distant functionsor organs elsewhere in the body
endocrine system
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* heart, blood vessels, and blood
*distributes oxygen and nutrients to the cells, carries waste and carbon dioxide away from cells, helps maintain the acid base balance, protects againts disease, aids the blood clotting and regulates our body temp.
cardiovascular system
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*lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymphatic tissue (such as lmyph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodules)
* returns large protiens & plasma to the cardiovascular systems and transports fats from gastrointestinal tract to the cardiovascular system. the tymus serves as a sute for maturation and proliferation of certain blood cells
Lymphatic system
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protects against disease through the production of protiens canlled antiboddies and other immune responses
immune system
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* lungs and air passageways
* supplies oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide, and helps regulate the acid base balance of the body,
Vocal cords within the larynx produce vocalization
respiratory system
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consist of 3 longtube known as gastrointestinal tract, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
responsible for the physical and chemical breakdown of food, the absorption of nutrients for use by cells, and the elimination of waste
digestive system
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* kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
* responsible for the formation, storage, and the elimination of urine
uninary system
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* egg and sperm
* testes and ovaries
reproductive system
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the sixth highest level of structural organization.
to comprise the total organism or onr living individual
organismic level
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the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
metabolism
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break down of large, complex molecules into smaller, simplier one.
energy is release
catabolism
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uses energy from catabolism to build the bodys structural and functional componets.
energy is used or consumed
anabolism
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the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment
responsiveness
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motion of the body as a whole; or movement of individual organs, single cells, or even organelles within a cell
movement
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increase in size that results from an increase number or size of cells or both
growth
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the change that a cell undergoes to develop from an unspecialized into a specialized state
differentiation
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the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement.
formation of a new individual to insure that life continues from one generation to another
reproduction
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condition in which the body's internl environment remains within a certain physiological limits
homeostasis
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fluid with the cells of the body
intracellular fluids
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fluid outside of body cells
extracellular fluid
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extracellular fluid found in blood vessles
plasma
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extracellular fluid dound in lymph
lymph
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extracellular fluid found in the anterior cavity of the eye
aqueous humor
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extracellular fluid found within the ventricles and subrachnoid spaces around the brain and spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid
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extracellular fluid that fills the microscopic spaces between the cells of tissue
interstitial fluid aka intercellular fluid aka tissue fluid
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defined as any atimulus that tends to create an imbalance in the internal environment of the body.
stree
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temperature extremes. oxygen content of air due to high or low altitude
external stress
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low blood glocuse, high acidity of extracellular fluid
internal strees
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divorce, death, loss of job, demands of school and work
pgychological stress
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the responce reverse ir reduce the original stimulus
negative feedback system
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the response enhances or intensifies the original stimulus
positive feedback system
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subject stands erect (upright position) facing the observer with feet flat on the floor, arms placed at the sides, and palms turn forward
anatomical positions
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subjective changes in the body functions that are not apparent to an observer, such as a headache or nausea
symptoms
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objective changes that clinician can observe and measure. swelling, fever, rash or paralysis
signs
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toward the head or upper part of astructure
superior (cephalic or cranial)
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away from the head or toward the lover part of a structure
inferior
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nearer to or at a front of the body
anterior
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nearer to or at the back of the body
posterior
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the body positioned with the anterior side facing downward
prone
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the body positioned with the anterior side facing donnward
supine
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nearer to the midline of the body or a structure
medial
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farther from the midline of the body or a structure
lateral
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between two structures
intermediate
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on the same side of the body
ipsilateral
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on the opposite side of the body
contralateral
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nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin
proximal
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farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the point of orihin
distal
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toward or on the surface of the body
superficial
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away from the surface of the body
deep
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vertical plane that divides the body or organ into unequal right and left sides
sagittal plane aka parasagittal plane
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vertical plane that divides the body or organ into equal right and left side
midsagittal plane aka median plane
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vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
frontal plane aka coronal plane
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horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior (top) and an inferior (bottom) portion
transverse plane aka cross sectional plane aka horizontal plane
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the plane that passes through the body or organ at an angle between the transverse plane and either the sagittal or coronal plane
oblique plane
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confined spaces within the body that contain internal organs. help proctect, separate, and support the organs
body cavities
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located near the back surface, or dorsum of the body
dorsal body cavity
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formed by the carnial bones it containes the brain
cranial cavity
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formed bybthe vertebrae of the spine, it contains the soinal cord and the roots of the spinal nerves
vertebral canal aka spinal canal
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located on the front surface or ventral aspect of the body.
ventral body cavity
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contains the following structures and spaces
thoracic cavity
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defined as a double layeres membrane that lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and covers the organs within the cavity
serous membrane
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located between the pleural cavities, it is located medial to the lungs and extends from the sternum to the vertebral column
mediastinum
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this cavity located within the dediastinun is a fluid-filled space between the serous membrane that covers the heart called the visceral pericardium and the serous memberane called the parietal pericardium
perocardial cavity
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the serous membrane that lines this cavity is known as the parietal peritoneum and the serous membrane that directly covers the organs within this cavity is known as the visceral peritoneum
abdominopelvic cavity
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superior portion of the cavity that contains the stomach, slpeen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intertine and most of the large intestine
abdominal cavity
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inferior portion of the cavity which contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and the interla organs of the reproduction
pelvic cavity
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thses imags allow for visualization of the stuructures inside the body, and provide clues to both abnormal anatomy and deviations from normal physiology
medica.l imaging
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x-rays passing through the body produce a two dimentional image of the interior body
conventional radiography
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x-rays beams moving in an arc around the body produce an image of a transverse section on a video monitor.
computed tomography (CT) scanning
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complex x-ray image that produces a moving, three dimentional, life size image that can be rotated, tipped, sliced open, or enlarged to further evaluate or assess parts of the body
dynamic spatial reconstruction (DSR)
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computer comparisons of radiograph both before and after conrtast dye has been injected into the blood vessel. some images are erase which allows for an unobstructed view of blood vessels
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
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positively charged radioactive particles are injected into the body
positron emission tomography (PET)
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protons within atoms of the body respond to a pulse of radio waves while they are being magnetized.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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high frequency sound waves are passed into the body and reflect off various densities of body tissue
ultrasound
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