Chapter 1

the branch of science that includes the study of structure and the relationship of those stuctures to each other.

study of form (morphology) and markings on the surface of the body

study of structures that can be examined without the use of a microscope

study of specific systems of the body, such as the nervous system

study of specific region of the body such as the head or chest

study of the structures of the body with the use of x-rays

sudy of development from the fertilized egg to mature adult

study of development of the fertilized egg through the first eight weeks of uterine growth

microscopic study of the structure of tissues

microscopic and chemical study of the structure of cells

study of the strucural changes associated with disease. Includes both gross (macroscopic) and microscopic study

the branch of science that includes the study of the functions of an organism or its parts

study of the functions of cells

study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging

study of changes in cell and organ functions during muscular activity

study of the functions of nerve cells

study of the function of endocrine glands and the hormones they release

study of the functions of the heart and blood vessels.

study of our immune system and the function of our body defense mechanisms

study of the function of the lungs and air passageways

study of kidney functions

the first level of structural organization.

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

proteins
carbohydrates
fats
vitamins
enzymes

second level of structural organization

are the basic structural and functional units of an organism

third highest level of structural organization

group of cells and the materials surrounding them, that usually arise from common cellular origins (primary germ layer) and work together to perform a particular function

epithelial
muscle
connective
nervous

fourth highest level of structural organization

structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues, have specific functions, and usually have recognizable shapes. heart, lungs, liver, brain stomach

composed of epithelial and connective tissue to protect the stomach and reduce friction when the stomach moces and rubs against other organs within the abdominal cavity

contracts to churn and mix food, and push it along toward the small intestine

composed of epithelial tissue with specialized cells that contribute fluid and aid in the digestion of food.

the fifth highest level of structural organization

consists of several related organs that have a common function

includes the skin, hair, nails, seat and oil glands.
helps regulate body temp., removes some of the body wastes produced vit. D and contains sensory organ for pain, pressure, temperature, and light touch

includes the bones of the body and cartillage.supports and protects the body, aids in body movement, give rise to blood cells, and stores minerals

cardiac and smooth muscle tissue. aids the body movement, stabilizes body positions, and generates heat

*brain, spinal cord, nerves, senses
*interprets, regulates, and directs body activities through nerve impuses

*endocrine glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood.
*regulates body activities by targeting distant functionsor organs elsewhere in the body

* heart, blood vessels, and blood
*distributes oxygen and nutrients to the cells, carries waste and carbon dioxide away from cells, helps maintain the acid base balance, protects againts disease, aids the blood clotting and regulates our body temp.

*lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymphatic tissue (such as lmyph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodules)
* returns large protiens & plasma to the cardiovascular systems and transports fats from gastrointestinal tract to the cardiovascular system. the tymus serves as a sute for maturation and proliferation of certain blood cells

protects against disease through the production of protiens canlled antiboddies and other immune responses

* lungs and air passageways
* supplies oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide, and helps regulate the acid base balance of the body,
Vocal cords within the larynx produce vocalization

consist of 3 longtube known as gastrointestinal tract, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
responsible for the physical and chemical breakdown of food, the absorption of nutrients for use by cells, and the elimination of waste

* kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
* responsible for the formation, storage, and the elimination of urine

* egg and sperm
* testes and ovaries

the sixth highest level of structural organization.
to comprise the total organism or onr living individual

the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body

break down of large, complex molecules into smaller, simplier one.
energy is release

uses energy from catabolism to build the bodys structural and functional componets.
energy is used or consumed

the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment

motion of the body as a whole; or movement of individual organs, single cells, or even organelles within a cell

increase in size that results from an increase number or size of cells or both

the change that a cell undergoes to develop from an unspecialized into a specialized state

the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement.
formation of a new individual to insure that life continues from one generation to another

condition in which the body's internl environment remains within a certain physiological limits

fluid with the cells of the body

fluid outside of body cells

extracellular fluid found in blood vessles

extracellular fluid dound in lymph

extracellular fluid found in the anterior cavity of the eye

extracellular fluid found within the ventricles and subrachnoid spaces around the brain and spinal cord

extracellular fluid that fills the microscopic spaces between the cells of tissue

defined as any atimulus that tends to create an imbalance in the internal environment of the body.

temperature extremes. oxygen content of air due to high or low altitude

low blood glocuse, high acidity of extracellular fluid

divorce, death, loss of job, demands of school and work

the responce reverse ir reduce the original stimulus

the response enhances or intensifies the original stimulus

subject stands erect (upright position) facing the observer with feet flat on the floor, arms placed at the sides, and palms turn forward

subjective changes in the body functions that are not apparent to an observer, such as a headache or nausea

objective changes that clinician can observe and measure. swelling, fever, rash or paralysis

toward the head or upper part of astructure

away from the head or toward the lover part of a structure

nearer to or at a front of the body

nearer to or at the back of the body

the body positioned with the anterior side facing downward

the body positioned with the anterior side facing donnward

nearer to the midline of the body or a structure

farther from the midline of the body or a structure

between two structures

on the same side of the body

on the opposite side of the body

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the point of orihin

toward or on the surface of the body

away from the surface of the body

vertical plane that divides the body or organ into unequal right and left sides

vertical plane that divides the body or organ into equal right and left side

vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior (top) and an inferior (bottom) portion

the plane that passes through the body or organ at an angle between the transverse plane and either the sagittal or coronal plane

confined spaces within the body that contain internal organs. help proctect, separate, and support the organs

located near the back surface, or dorsum of the body

formed by the carnial bones it containes the brain

formed bybthe vertebrae of the spine, it contains the soinal cord and the roots of the spinal nerves

located on the front surface or ventral aspect of the body.

contains the following structures and spaces

defined as a double layeres membrane that lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and covers the organs within the cavity

located between the pleural cavities, it is located medial to the lungs and extends from the sternum to the vertebral column

this cavity located within the dediastinun is a fluid-filled space between the serous membrane that covers the heart called the visceral pericardium and the serous memberane called the parietal pericardium

the serous membrane that lines this cavity is known as the parietal peritoneum and the serous membrane that directly covers the organs within this cavity is known as the visceral peritoneum

superior portion of the cavity that contains the stomach, slpeen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intertine and most of the large intestine

inferior portion of the cavity which contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and the interla organs of the reproduction

thses imags allow for visualization of the stuructures inside the body, and provide clues to both abnormal anatomy and deviations from normal physiology

x-rays passing through the body produce a two dimentional image of the interior body

x-rays beams moving in an arc around the body produce an image of a transverse section on a video monitor.

complex x-ray image that produces a moving, three dimentional, life size image that can be rotated, tipped, sliced open, or enlarged to further evaluate or assess parts of the body

computer comparisons of radiograph both before and after conrtast dye has been injected into the blood vessel. some images are erase which allows for an unobstructed view of blood vessels

positively charged radioactive particles are injected into the body

protons within atoms of the body respond to a pulse of radio waves while they are being magnetized.

high frequency sound waves are passed into the body and reflect off various densities of body tissue