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cognition
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
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prototype
a mental image or best example of a category
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algorithm
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
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heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficienty
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insight
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions
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confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
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fixation
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
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mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
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representative heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes; may lead on to ignore other relevant information
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availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, if instances come readily to mind we presume events are common
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overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident that correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements
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framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
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belief bias
the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid
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belief perseverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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language
our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
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phoneme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning;may be a word or a part of a word
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morpheme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word
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grammar
in a language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others
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semantics
the set of rules by which derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning
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syntax
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
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babbling stage
beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
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one-word stage
the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
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two-word stage
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks most two-word statements
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telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words
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linguistic determination
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
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Skinner vs Chomsky
- Skinner = nature (association, imitation, and reinforcement)
- Chomsky - universal grammar = nature (W/ good nurturing)
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