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hindsight bias
- "I knew it all along"
- the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
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critical thinking
- thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions
- examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
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theory
explains by organizing and predicting events
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hypothesis
testable predicition
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operational definition
statement of procedures to define research variables
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replication
repeating a study
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case study
an in-depth study of ONE person
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survey
many cases in less depth
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false consensus effect
overestimating others' agreement with us
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population
all cases in group
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random sample
sample that represents a population well
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naturalistic observation
watching in natural habitat
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positive correlation
as one increases, the other does too
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negative correlation
as one decreases, the other increases
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scatter plot
graph of correlations in studies
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illusory correlation
perception of a relationship where there isn't one
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experiment
research method using independent and dependent variables
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double-blind procedure
both participant and staff ignorant of treatment vs. placebo
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placebo effect
results caused by expectation
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experimental condition
those who receive treatment
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control condition
placebo; used as a baseline
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random assignment
assigning people to experimental and control conditions randomly
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independent variable
variable that is manipulated
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dependent variable
variable that is measured
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range
difference between highest and lowest
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standard deviation
how much scores vary from mean
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statistical significance
how likely the result occurred by chance
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culture
behavior and ideas shared by a large group of people and passed down generations
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