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Sociological perspective
understanding of human behavior by placing it within a broader social context
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Society
example: american schools
people who share a culture and the territory
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Social location
example: Cardinal McCarrick High School
group memberships that people have because of their territory and location
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5 steps society was studied
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#1 Intuition
- any flash of insight
- naive guesswork
- the source cannot be identified
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#2 Authority
- true and correct
- is an expert in their field
- no an expert in every field
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#3 Tradition
- finds truth in what has been true over the years
- society's "attic" (filled with useless things)
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#4 Common Sense
- convenient catch all
- prejudice
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#5 Science
- newest way to seek answers
- based on evidence/most reliable
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Sociology
- social science
- studies human relationships
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Psychology
mind -> individual
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5 Steps in Sociological Research
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#1 Formulate the Problem
- find & define the problem
- form a hypothesis
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#2 Plan Your Research Design
outline what's best to be studied
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#3 Collect Data
gather information
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#4 Analyze Data
study the collected date
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#5 Draw Conclusion
was the original question answered?
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If the original question was answered then this is a...
SOCIAL FACT! :o
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Social Fact
- any social activity that can be measured or observed
- must be value free
- objective
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Verstchen
- having insight to someone's situation
- subjective
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1. Sociology is the study of men's interdependence
- a. physiological needs - food, water, shelter, activity, elimination
- b. security - protection from danger
- c. love & belongingness - wanting acceptance and respect from others (opposite sex)
- d. self-esteem - overall respect
- e. self-actualization - individual is up to his ability
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2. Sociology
study of society
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2b. Society
largest group of people who share a unique way of life and occupy a definite territory
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2c. Evolution
slow change in society
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2d. Revolution
rapid change in society
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3. Sociology is...
the study of human groups
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3b. Group
collection of persons bound together
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3c. Status
position in society
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3d. Role
how one acts/behavior
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August Conte
- father of sociology
- sociology should be based on observation & classification
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Herbert Spencer
- believed in the survival of the fittest
- 2nd father of sociology
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Karl Marx
studied the struggle between the capitalists and the workers
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Emile Durkheim
social forces affect people's behavior
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Max Weber
believed that Religion was the key factor of capitalism
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Harriet Martineau
analyzed social life between Great Britain and the US
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Jane Addams
founded Hull House in Chicago
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W.E.B. DuBois
found difficulty with racism in the US
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Talcott Parsons
developed models of harmonious societies
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C. Wright Mills
encouraged sociologist to work towards social reform
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Three Theoretical Perspectives
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Symbolic Interactionism
example: husband and wife, brother and sister, teacher and student
(micro level) defines face to face relationships or relationships to others
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Functional Analysis
example: school = teacher, student, activities, rules, academics, everything = all together = structure of school
- (macro level) looks at society as a whole
- concerned with all inter related parts
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Conflict Theory
- (macro level) recognizes that society consists of groups
- groups are going to compete for what's needed
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Globalization
example: technology brought world together
brings society together
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Pure or Basic Sociology
analyze an aspect of society
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Archeologist
scientists who studies ancient life and culture by digging in ruins to discover pots, bones, tools, and weapons
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Ethnologist
studies groups of people to learn about their culture (norms, folkways, beliefs, etc)
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Culture
language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed down from one generation to the next as a member of society
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Culture traits
smallest element in the culture
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Material culture trait
example: pot made out of gold, gold box, art, clothes, etc.
material objects
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Non material culture trait
example: value or a norm
beliefs or interactions
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Note:
"our" speech, gestures, customs are normal to the USA = culture within the US
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Culture shock
disorientation takes place because of different culture
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Ethnocentrism
use of one's old culture as a means of judging other individuals or societies
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Negative Ethnocentrism
can lead to discrimination against other people whose lives are different from ours
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Positive Ethnocentrism
creates in group loyalties
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Cultural Relativism
try to understand a culture on its own terms without passing judgement
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Instinctive Communication
natural reflex reaction
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Arbitrary Communication
involved words, sounds, gestures = learned
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Saphir - Whorf Hypothesis
- language creates ways of thinking and perceiving
- language is nothing more than common sense expressed in words and gestures
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What are three ways we communicate ?
- facial expressions
- body language
- tone of voice
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Connotation
socially learned and is part of the shared meaning of the language
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Attitude
a response or a readiness to respond in a certain manner towards persons, situations, or ideas
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Positive Attitude
good feelings
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Negative Attitude
bad feelings
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Ambivalent Attitude
mixed feelings
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Self Assured Attitude
how you see yourself
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Value
standards by which people define what's good or bad and feel what's the best and most important
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Norms
- rules of social behavior
- every group has expectations that concerns itself with the right way to reflect its value
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Negative Sanction
- consequence
- fine ($$)
- dentention
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Moral Holiday
- something someone can get away with
- known as "negative influence"
- an example would be Mardi Gras
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Mores
normas that are strictly enforced and are presented to the core values of society (right and wrong)
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Folkways
- norms that are strictly enforced but dont really affect society and have no moral influence
- an example would be thank you notes after someone receives a birthday present
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Taboo
any norm violated and brings severe sanctions
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Subculture
example: religious beliefs, nationalities
- a cultural group that shares certain traits with a large group society, but has some different traits of its own
- mainstream ideas with tradition and custom
- within a culture
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Counterculture
- will clash with the mainstream of society
- negative impact
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Pluralistic Society
different cultures in a certain territory (US)
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Value Cluster
some values that are grouped together to form a large whole
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Value Contradiction
example: a person that values freedom and democracy BUT they practice racism, prejudice, etc.
values that contradict each other
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What are the four emerging values?
- leisure
- physical fitness
- self fulfillness
- youthfulness
- (maybe concern for the environment)
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Idealistic Values
"wishlist"
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New technology
- internet
- computers
- satellites
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William Ogburn
created the word "cultural lag"
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Cultural Lag
described human behavior that lags behind technological innovations
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Cultural Diffusion
spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another
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Cultural leveling
unites the world=the world becomes similar
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HUMAN NATURE
how we interact with people
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FERAL CHILDREN
example: Tarzan was raised by animals
- assumed to be raised by animals
- totally isolated form humans
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ISOLATED CHILDREN
example: Isabelle who was isolated with mother in the attic for so long
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INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILDREN
- has basic human traits = based on social interaction
- between ages of birth to 13 we learn everything
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SELF
- individual's perception of himself
- being able to see ourselves from "the outside"
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CHARLES H. COOLEY'S LOOKING GLASS THEORY
process of discovering the nature of the self from the reactions of others
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LOOKING GLASS THEORY STEPS
- 1. your perception of how you look to others
- 2. your perception of their judgement of how you look
- 3. your feelings about the judgements
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GEORGE HERBERT MEAD'S "GENERALIZED OTHER" THEORY
- putting oneself in someone else's shoes
- the individual looks at himself as if he was another individual
- he judges his actions and appearances according to the judgements of his generalized other
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MEAD =
we are influenced by others -> significant by others -> major influence on your life
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JEAN PIAGET
- the human being has the ability to reason
- children go through a natural process as they learn to reason
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FOUR STEPS
- 1. sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 yrs.): limited to direct contact with the environment
- 2. preoperational stage (2 to 7): learns the ability to use symbols
- 3. concrete operational stage (7 to 12): reasoning abilities are more concrete
- 4. formal operational stage (after 12 yrs): abstract thinking takes places
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ID
- in born basic drives
- immediate gratification
- every child is born with an id
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EGO
term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society; ROADBLOCK
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SUPEREGO
- conscious -> moral piece of our personality
- deals with norms and values
- produces guilt and shame
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LAWRENCE KOHLBERG'S STAGES
- 1. preconventional morality (7 to 10):
- child learns to stay out of trouble
- rules are important
- 2. conventional morality (10 to 12):
- follow rules of society (value & norms)
- 3. postconventional morality (adult):
- most people dont reach this level
- individual reflects on "abstract principals" of right and wrong
- behavior is judged
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SIX BASIC EMOTIONS
- anger
- disgusted
- fear
- happiness
- sadness
- suprise
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GENDER SOCIALIZATION
- expects different attitudes and behaviors from us because of being male or female
- society dictates our actions based on male or female
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AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION
- family
- neighborhood
- day care
- school
- peers
- sports
- workplace
- religion
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RESOCIALIZATION
a new set of values, norms, lifestyle - attitude and behavior
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TOTAL INSTITUTION
a place where people are cut off from the rest of society
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SOCIALIZATION
- 1. childhood (birth to 12):
- social location - based on social class and gender
- 2. adolescence (13 to 17):
- childhood towards adulthood
- 3. transitional adolescence (18 to 29):
- individual doesn't take on full adult responsibility
- 4. middle years (30 to 65):
- early middle years (30 to 49)
- more secure
- later middle years (50 to 65)
- 5. older years (65+)
- early older years (65 to 74)
- later older years (75 ..?)
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STATUS SYMBOLS
items used to identify status
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ROLE CONFLICT
a situation in which the behavior that's expected or one role comes into conflict with the behavior expected of another role
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ROLE STRAIN
conflicts that someone "feels" within a role
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PRIMARY GROUP
- maintain face to face relationships
- share feelings
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SECONDARY GROUP
distant relationships
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MICROSOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
- study on a smaller scale
- more narrow focus on society
- deal with face to face relationships
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SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
- believe that most important part of society is interaction
- how people look at things
- how it affects behavior and the way of life
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SIX POINTS OF INTERACTION
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1. Stereotypes in everyday life - 1st impressions set the tone
example: clothing, hairstyle, make up, bling, race, age, gender, and ethnicity
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2. Personal Space
- we all have our "personal bubble"
- only certain people enter the "bubble" (family/closest friends)
- 4 different distance zones:
- a. intimate distance - hugging, kissing, touching etc (18" from our bodies)
- b. personal distance - friends and acquaintances (18" to 4")
- c. social distance - impersonal and formal relationships (4' to 12')
- d. public space - extremely formal (beyond 12')
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3. Touching
- differ from culture to culture
- differ from person to person
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4. Eye Contact
a million words can be shared without opening your mouth
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5. Smile
- culture to culture
- "hello"
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6. Applied Body Language
using emotions using gestures and body movements
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