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Nucleus
Center of the atom, composed of neutrons and protons
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Electron
negatively charged particle in constant motion around the nucleus
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Isotope
atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons
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Compound
a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elementts in different proportions
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Ionic Bond
one or more electrons are lost or gained
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Covalent Bond
electrons shared between atoms
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Proton
positively charged subatomic particles
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Neutron
neutral subatomic particles
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Atomic Number
determined by the number of protons
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atomic mass
protons plus neutrons
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The particles that make up atoms are
protons, neutrons and electrons
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If an atom contains 11 protons and 12 neutrons, its atomic number is -
11
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What makes up a molecule of water?
two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen
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A covalent bond is formed as a result of-
sharing an electron pair
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What type of ion forms when an atom loses electrons?
positive
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The most abundant compoun in most living things is-
water
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A solution is a(n) -
evenly distributed mixture of two or more substances
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If the pH of stomach acid and of oven cleaner were measured...
the pH of the stomach acid would be below7, but the pH of oven cleaner would be above 7
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What is not a function of protiens?
store and transmit genetic information
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The basic unit of matter is the-
atom
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when atoms share six electrons, they are joined by a ____ bond
triple
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weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sudden pH changes are called ____
buffers
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The substances present when a chemical reaction begins are the ___
products
-
Because they have the same number of protons and electrons, all isotopes of an element have the same ____ properties
chemical
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a chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons is a _____bond
covalent
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A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and ____ atoms.
hydrogen
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The pH scale is a measurement system that indicates the concentration of _____ in a solution
Hydrogen Ions
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What structure serves as the cell's boundry from its enviornment
cell membrane
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What is a function of the cell membrane?
regulates which materials enter and leave the cell
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The cell membrane contains channels and pumps that help move materials from one side to the other. What are these channels made of?
Protiens
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Diffusion moves from :
- - low to high
- -high to low
- -equilibrium to high
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What means of particle transport requires input from the cell?
Active transport
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The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called
osmosis
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The cells of multicelular organsims are
specialized to perform different tasks
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A group of similar cells that can perform a function is called a-
tissue
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A plant uses the radiant energy of the sun in the process of
photosynthesis
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When using radiant energy form the sun the plant takes in _____ _____ form the air
carbon dioxide
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when using radiant energy form the sun the plant takes in ____ form its roots
water
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The orgenelle thath the plant uses for this process of building molecules that store energy is the ___________
chloroplast
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A chemical molecule in this organelle can absorb radiant energy from the sun. This chemical is
chlorophyll
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The reason a plant appears green is because this is the color of the visible spectrum that is ______ and not absorbed
reflected
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The part of the plant that is made up of these light absorbing molecules is called a
Photosystem
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the radiant energy from the sun excites the ________ in chlorophyll
electrons
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the electrons that leave the chlorophyll are replaced from water. The water molecule is split. For each water molecule two ________ ___, two electrons and an atom of oxygen are produced
hydrogen ions
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The electrons are transported by _______ molecules that are embedded in the thylakoid membrane. The flow of these electrons results in active transportof hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
protien
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The hydrogen ions build up in the thylakoid space and then pass through a special protien enzyme called
ATP Synthase
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The spinning of this molecule results in the formation of a short term energy molecule ___ from ADP
ATP
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This short term energy molecule is used to power the second stage of photosynthesis which is the ______ cycle
Calvin
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In the light independent stage a long term energy molecule _______ id produced
glucose
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a product of photosynthesis is
oxygen
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The long term energy molecule produced in photosynthesis is then broken down in the process of __________ and energy is released to be used for cellular activity in both plants and animals
respiration
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The breakdown of glucose ossurs in the ___ cycle
Krebs
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Respiration takes place in the
Mitochondria
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as a cell becomes larger, is
volume increases faster than its surface area
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as a cell grows, it
- -places more demands on its DNA
- -uses up food and oxygen more quickly
- -has more trouble moving enough materials across its cell membrane
-
compared to small cells, large cells have more trouble
moving neede materials in and waste products out
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The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called
cell division
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What is the G2 phase?
preparation for mitosis
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When during the cell cycle is Dna replicated?
S phase
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The cell cycle is the
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
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During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the dividing cell?
metaphase
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What is the order of the phases of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase anaphase telophase
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What is the role of the spindle in mitosis
It helps seperate the chromosomes
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One difference between cell division in plant cells and animal cells is that plant cells have
a cell plate
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What is a factor that can stop normal cells from growing?
contact with other cells
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Cells grown in a petri dish tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom of the dish. If the cells are removed from the middle of the dish, the cells bordering the open space will begin dividing until they have filled the open space. What does the expiriment show?
- -when cells come into contact with other cells, they stop growing
- -The controls on growth and division can be turned on and off
- -cell division can be regulated by factor outside the cell
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Cancer is a disorder in which some cell have lost the ability to control
growth rate
-
gregor mendell used pea plants to study
the inheritance of traits
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Offspring that result from crosses between parents with different traits
are called hybrids
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Gregor Mendell concluded that traits are
inherited through the passing of factors from parents to offspring
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When Gregor Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant, the F1 plants inherited
an allele for tallnes from the tall parent and an allele for shortness from the short parent
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The principle of dominance states that
some alleles are dominant and some are recessive
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When Gregor Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding short plants, all the offspring were tall because
the allele for tall plants is Dominant
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If a pea plant has a recessive allele for green peas, it will produce
green peas if it does not also have a dominant allele for yellow peas
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When you flip a coin what is the probability it will come up tails?
1/2
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Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be
homozygous
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The positively charged particle in the atom is the __
proton
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two or more different atome are combined in definite proportions in any___
compound
-
a covalent bond is formed by the ___
sharing of electrons
-
When you shake sugar and sand together in a test tuem you cause them to form a ___
mixture
-
A compound that produces hydrogen ions in a solution is a(n) ___
acid
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In polymerization, complex molecules are formed by the joining together of ____
monomers
-
Protiens are polymers formed from
amino acids
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An enzyme speeds up a reaction by lowering activation energy.In a chemical reaction a reactant binds to an enzyme at a region know as the
active site
-
In many cell, the structure that controls the cell's activities is the
Nucleus
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Despite differences in size and shape, all cells have cytoplasm and a -
cell membrane
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If a cell of an organism contains a nuclues the organism is a
Eukaryote
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Distinct threadlike structures containing genetic information are called
chromosomes
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THe organelle that converts the chemical energy in food into a form that cells can use is the ___
mitochondrion
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Cell membranes are constructed mainly of ___
lipid bilayers
-
The movement of the water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is known as
osmosis
-
A substance that move across a cell membrane without using the cell's energy tends to move--
away from the area where it is more concentrated
-
a tissue is composed of a group of -
similar cells
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Which is an autotroph?
a/ impalas
b/ plants
c/ leopards
d/ mushrooms
b/ plants
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one of the principal chemical compunds that living things use to store energy is-
ATP
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what scientist concluded that most of growing plants mass comes from water?
van Helmont
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In additoin to light and chlorophyll, photosynthesis requires ___
water and CO2
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The leaves of a plant appear green because chlorophyll __
reflects green light
-
The products of photosynthesis are-
sugar and oxygen
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The first process in the light-dependent process of photosynthesis is -
light absorbtion
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what substance from the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis is a source of energy for the Calvin cycle?
NADPH
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The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as the
Calvin Cycle
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In cells the energy availible in food is used to make an energy-rich compound called-
ATP
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The first step in releasing the energy of glucose in a cell is known as
glycolysis
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The process that releases energy form food in the presence of oxygen is
cellular respiration
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The net gain of energy form glycolisis is
2 ATP
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Because fermentation takes place in the absence of oxygen, it is said to be
anaerobic
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The Krebs Cycle takes place within the
mitochondrion
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The electron transport chain uses high-energy electrons from the krebs cycle to
convert ADP to ATP
-
A total o f 36 molecules of ATP are produced from 1 molecule of glucose as a result of
cellular respiration
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during heavy exercise, the buildup of lactic acid in muscle cells result in
oxygen debt
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The rate at which materials enter and leave the cell membrane depends on the cell's
surface area
-
The process of cell division results in
two daughter cells
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Sister Chromatids are attached to eachother at an area called the
centromere
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If a cell has 12 Chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each of its daughter cells have after mitosis
12
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At the begining of cell division a chromosome consists of two
chromatids
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The phase of mitosis during which chromosomes become visible and the centrioles sepreate from one another is
prophase
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The timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells is believed to be controlled by a group of closely related protiens known as
cyclins
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in the cell cycle, external regulators direct cells to
speed up or slow down the cell cycle
-
unconrolled cell division occurs in
cancer
-
different forms af a gene are called
alleles
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If a homozygous tall pea plant, and a homozygous short pea plant are crossed-
the recessive trait seems to disappear
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a punnett square is usd to determine the
probable outcome of a cross
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organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be-
homozygous
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The physical characteristics of an organism are its
phenotype
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a situation in which a gene has more than two allels is known as
multiple alleles
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Unlike mitosis, meiosis in male mammals results in the formation of
four haploid gamete cells
-
To maintain the chromosomes of an organism, the gametes must
be produced by meiosis
-
a gene map shows
the relative locations of genes on a chromosome
-
The process by which on strain of bacteria is apparently changed into another strand is called
transformation
-
Bacteriophages are
viruses
-
a nucleotide doesn't contain
polymerase
-
in prokaryotes, DNA molecules are located in the
cytoplasm
-
The main enzyme involved in linking individual nucleotides into DNA molecules is
DNA polymerase
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The process by which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA is
transcription
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In mRNA, each codon specifies a particular
amino acid
-
an expressed gene is one that is
transcribed into RNA
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