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What is trepanation and what are its uses?
drilling into the skull, may have helped relieve headaches or cure mental disorders
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What were the prevailing thoughts and hypothesies on the nervous system through history?
- Egyptians: heart was the soul of the body
- Greeks: brain was a sensory organ
- Romans: regional specialization
- Renaissance: brain was a fluid-like machine
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Who were the leading historical figures studying the nervous system?
Hippocrates, Aristotle, Galen, Vesalius, Descartes, Galvani, Bell, Gall, Flourens, Broca
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What did Hippocrates propose was the purpose of the brain?
brain was the seat of intelligence, involved in sensation
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Aristotle's view of the brain
heart was the center of intellect, brain cooled blood
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Gall's view of the function of the brain
Bell believed the bumps on the skull corresponded with personality
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Flourens view of the brain?
cerebrum and cerebellum have different functions
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What were the 4 key insights into the brain during the 1800s?
- nerves are like fibers
- regional specializtion
- evoltion of the nervous system
- the neuron
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What experiments suggested that nerves function as wires??
Galvani shocked corpses and showed that muscles can be twitched and that the brain can generate electricity
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How did Paul Broca's work contribue to our understanding of brain function?
- Broca's patient couldn't speak, after the disection, the brain was found to have a legion on an area necessary for speeh
- Helped prove that parts of the brain do different things
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What are the three main components of the nervous system?
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How did the observations of Charles Darwin contribute to the study of the brain?
Observation of Darwin illustrated that evolution did occur and that humans were also animals. This opened the idea of an animal model, and that certain animals would have brain specialization for certain characterisitcs
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What is the cell theory?
All living tissue is made up of cells
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What are the most commonly attributed cognitive functions given to the frontal lobe?
planning responses
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What is the most commonly attributed function to the pariatial lobe?
attention
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What is the most commonly attributed function to the occipital lobe?
visual
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What is the most commonly attributed function to the temporal lobe?
learning
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Structures most associated with the diencephalon
thalmus and hypthalmus
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Structures most associated with the metencephalon
pons and cerebellum
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Structure most associated with the mylencephalon
medulla
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Which brain structures are considered part of the brainstem?
mesencephalon, metecephalon, mylencephalon
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What are the brain ventricles and what do they contain?
The lateral ventricals, and 3rd and 4th ventricles are filled with CSF
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Brain region associated with the lateral ventricles
cerebral cortex
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Brain regions associated with the third ventricle
thalmus and hypothalmus
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Brain regions associated with the fourth ventricle
cerebellum, pons, medulla
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Choroid plexus
tissue in the ventricles (lateral ventrical specifically) that is responsible for the production of CSF
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Production and flow of CSF
Lateral ventrical...3rd ventricle...cerebral aqueduct... 4th ventricle... spinal canal... subarachnoid space... blood vessels at archnoid villi
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arachnoid villi
located in the subarachnoid space responsible for the reabsorption of CSF
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hydrocephaly
build up of CSF on the brain
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dura mater
external covering of the brain, hard, outer protection layer
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3 layers of the meninges
- dura mater
- arachnoid membrane
- pia mater
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dura mater
hard mother, outer layer of protection
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subdural space
space below the dura mater
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arachnoid membrane
means 'spider', thin, see-through layer
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subarachnoid space
below the arachnoid membrane, blood suppy and space for CSF
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pia mater
soft mother, single cell thick
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Location of the CSF
CSF is found in the subarachnoid space
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internal carotid artery
supplies most of the blood supply to the brain
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vertabral arteries
supply spinal chord with blood
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What is a stroke?
a stroke is caused by a disturbance of blood supply in the brain, localized ischemia and lack of O2
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What is a brain ischemia
loss supply of blood to the brain that is due to obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood
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3 main types of stroke
- thrombotic
- embolic
- hemmoragic
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Thromotic storke
reduced blood flow due to a build up of plaque; typically widespread
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Embolic stroke
reduced blood flow due to an object getting lodged in a smaller vessle
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Hemmorrhagic stroke
blood vessel ruptures
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neurulation
forming of the dorsal nerve chord and the forming of CNS
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anencephaly
forebrain doesn't develope
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spinabifida
end of spinal column issues
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3 nervous system regions present at the 3 vesicle stage during development
- prosencephalon
- mesencephalon
- rhombencephalon
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