Chapter 6

the mental process that enables us to aquire, retain, and retreive information.

• Encoding
• Storage
• Retreival

The process of transforming information into a fom that can be entered into and retained by the memory system

The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at later times

The process of recovering infromation that is stored in the memory

It is a theory that describes memory as being consistent of three stages: Sensory, short term and long term

• Stores detailed records of sensory experiences
• Stage that registers information from the environment
• Duration: 1/4 second to 3 second

• The active storage of memory in which informaton is stored for up to 20 seconds
• New information is transferred from sensory memory
• Old information is retrieved
• Limited capacity
• Duration: about 20 seconds

• The storage of meory that represents the long-term storage of information
• Information is based on the encoding in short-term memory is stored
• Unlimited capacity for information
• Duration: potentially permanent

1/4 second to 3 seconds

• Stores detailed records of sensory experiences
• Stage that registers information from the environment

The active storage of memory in which informaton is stored for up to 20 seconds

about 20 seconds

• Maintnance rehearsal
• Chunking

The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maitain it beyond the usual 20 seconds

Increases the amount of information that can be held in short term memory by grouping related items together into a unit or chunk

Limited

There is no difference because they are one and the same

The storage of meory that represents the long-term storage of information

potentially permanent

Unlimited

Information is based on the encoding in short-term memory is stored

Through Clustering and Semantic Network Model

Organising items into related groups or clusters during recall

Information in long-term memory is organized in a complex network of associations

• Memory of awareness
• It divides into Episodic and Semantic Memory

Events you have experienced

General knowledge and facts

• Memory without awareness
• It goes in to Procedural memory

Motor skills, actions

Through retieval cues

Prompt, clue or hint that helps trigger recall of a stored memory

• because of Recall Cue failures
• Glitches

The inability to recall long term memory because of inadequate cues.

the Tip-of-the-tongue experience

• Recall
• Cued-recall
• Recognition-identifying

Involves producing information using no retrieval cues

Remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue

Identifying the information from several possible choices

The tendency to recall information more easily from either the beginning or the end of a list than the in the middle

the tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information

they are that can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information

The inability to recall information that was preciously available

• German psychologist
• He created the Fogetting curve

• First 20 minutes: Rappid forgetting of some inforamtion relatively soon after he learned the nonsense syllables
• Betweeing 21minutes and 31 days: very little memory loss of the remaining information over the course of the following several weeks

there are different theories of why we forget

Memories are not used and fade over time

Forgetting caused by one memory competing with or replacing another memory

new memory interferes with the old memory

old memory interferes with the new memory

Through supressiong or repression

Conscious effort to forget

Unconscious effort to forget

True story of a memory is forgotten or a memory is attributed to the wrong source

Distored or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually happen

Organised cluster of knowledge and inforamtion about particular topics

Imagination inflation

vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that event actually occured