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What is learning according to the field of psychology?
A relative permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
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What is the Behaviorism?
it was founded by John Watson, who redefined psychology as the scientific study of behavior
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What is associative learning?
through the association (relationship) between 2 stimuli
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What are the two types of associative learning
learned in class?
classical conditioning and operant conditioning
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How do they differ?
Classical conditioning is involuntary where Operant Conditioning is voluntary behavior
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What is meant by classical conditioning?
Learning the association of a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus where the neutral stimulus acquires the response of the meaningful stimulus.
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What are the terms used for classical conditioning?
- Natural Stimulus
- Unconditioned Stimulus
- Unconditioned Response
- Conditioned Stimulus
- Conditioned Response
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Natural Stimulus
a stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention
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Unconditioned Stimulus
The neutral stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning
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Unconditioned Response
The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by the unconditional stimulus
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Conditioned Stimulus
A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response
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Conditioned Response
The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus
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steps used for classical conditioning
- Before conditioning: NS leads to no response and UCS to UCR
- During conditioning: NS+UCS=UCR
- After conditioning: CS leads to CR
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Be familiar with Pavlov’s study demonstrating classical conditioning?
it demonstrated learning by association
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Talk about real-world applications of classical conditioning (phobias, drug habituation, etc.).
Little Albert Study
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Operant Conditioning
Learning the process that involves changing the probablity that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequenses of that response
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Thorndike’s approaches/contributions to operant conditioning
- Law of effect
- Trail and error learning
- Consequence strengthens or weakens a Stimulus-Response connection
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Law of effect
Principle proposed by Thorndike that responses followed by a satisfying effects become stengthened and more likely to recur in paricular situation, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effects become weakened and less likely to recur in paricular situation.
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Skinner’s approaches/contributions to operant conditioning
- Learning mechanisms the same way for all species
- Through Reinforecement and Punishment
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What is shaping?
It is the reward approxiamtions of the desired behavior
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What are principles of reinforcement?
Always trying to incrase the likelyhood of the desired behavior
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What are principles of reinforcement?
The different incraments of time after which the reinforcement occurs
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What is punishment and how does it differ from
reinforcement?
- Punishment is the attpmet to decrease the likelyhood of a desired behavior.
- The difference is that they are opposite to each other
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What is observational learning?
Learning through observarion
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Attention
in order to learn we need to pay attention
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Retention
We need to retain the information
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Motor Reproduction
We need to have the physical ability to do the behavior
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Reinforcement
Have to obsereve whether there is a reward or punishment in regards of replicating the behavior
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Fixed Ratio
A rainforecemnt schedule in which the reinfocer os delovered after a fixed number of responses
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Variable Ratio
Reinforcer is delivered after and avarage number of responses, which varies unpredictably form trial to trial
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Fixed Interval
Reifocer delivered for the forst response that occurs after the preset time interval has elapsed
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Variable-Interval
Reifocer delivered for the forst response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictibly from trial to trial
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Behavior Modification
The application of leadning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors
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Learned Helplessness
A phenomenon in which exposure to inexcapable and uncontrollable aversive event prodces passive behavior
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