Psychology Final

The Scientific study of behavior and mental process.

Derived principles form careful observation.

"experimentation through observation"

Experiment, experience, and common sense

Knowledge originates in experience, observation and experimentation.

• "genius" is a hereditary trait
• personality & intelligence test

• Studied subconscious mind
• *Free association
• *dream analysis
• Psychoanalysis

• Study of behavior
• Uncovering the subconscious mind.

Argued that the mind is a blank slate at birth

Establish first psychology lab in Germany's University of Leipzig in 1879

Single function of all activities of the mind is for the survival of the species

Other sciences that influenced Psychology

• Socrates, Plato, and Rene Descartes
• The mind and body are separate and distinct form each other .

Describe, explain, predict, control

Self-reflection or looking inward

When you record or observe other people's mannerisms.

John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner

Operant conditioning

Baby and rat experiment. Expose baby to rat and then make a loud noise because they baby was scared of loud noises. Then when they baby saw the rat it would be scared because it thought there would be a loud noise.

Emphasized growth potential of healthy people; used personality methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth.

Emphasized importance of meeting our needs for love and acceptance.

The actions of the brain/mind.

• Genes and experiences make up the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
• Ex. Do you human traits, develop through experience or do we come equipped with them?

• Natural Selection
• Among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed onto succeeding generations.

Aims to increase scientific knowledge base.

Tackles practical problems.

Medical doctors licensed to give prescriptions to help those with mental disorders.

Help people with everyday issues. Help people want to achieve a greater well-being.

Assess and treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorders.

• Distribute you study time.
• Listen actively in class
• Over-learn
• Focus on the big ideas
• Be a smart test-taker.

• Identify a problem or formulate a question
• Formulate hypothesis
• Test hypothesis: observation, survey, experiment
• Theory( statement based on a lot of evidence)
• Replicate

To understand how different species learn and behave.

A deeper understanding.

Average, common

Technique used to train a person or animal to do a difficult task.

A memory aid

A nerve cell: the basic building block of the nervous system

Contains nucleus

Extentions from cell body

Single extention from body

Fatty covering over axon, speeds up messages.

Gaps in myelin covering

Composed of axon fibers

Looking at the cell body

A connection between two nerve cells, but they never touch. Allows nerve cells to communicate.

swollen end of axon

Bumps on dendrites that bouton connects to.

Space between the bouton and the dendritic spine.

• Multipolar
• Bipolar
• Unipolar/Monopolar

Many extensions, most common form

Two extensions; sensory and smelling

One extension that is an axon; only found in vertebrate

Chemical messengers that transverse the synaptic gaps between neurons.

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network.

The brain and spinal cord.

Everything that isn't the CNS. The sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

• Voluntary
• Controls body skeletal muscles

• Involuntary, controls automatic reactions
• Controls glands and muscles of internal organs.

Arouses body, speeds up, uses energy

Calms the body down, slows down, conserves energy

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Natural opiate like neurotransmitters liked to pain control and pleasure.

A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as a knee-jerk response.

Covering of the CNS

Tough & thick. Outer most layer

Sticky to the brain.

Little, can't be seen with naked eye.

• Flows between the arachnoid and the piamater.
• Cushions and supports the brain.

What the cerebrospinal fluid flows through.

Language, non-emotional

Math, spacial, emotional

The large band of neural fibers that connects the two hemispheres and carries messages between them.

The body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Chemical messages, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, which are produced in one tissue and affect another.

A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys that secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) and nor-epinephrine (nor-adrenaline).

The endocrine system's most influential gland, under influence of the hypothalamus, regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity in the brain

The oldest part and central core of the brain.

Base of brainstem, controls heart beat and breathing.

A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

Help coordinate movements

Brain's sensory switchboard, located on the top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

• "Little brain"
• Is attached to the rear of the brainstem and it processes sensory input and coordinates movement output and balance.

• Associated with emotion such as fear and aggression. Drives emotions for food and sex.
• Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

• Long-term memory
• Spatial navigation

Two neural clusters linked to emotion

Directs maintenance activities such as eating, drinking and body temperature. Helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

• Houses personality, creativity, future planning, judgement, etc.
• Speaking and muscle movement

• Body sensations and some speech.
• Receives sensory input for touch and body position.

Receives auditory information/Hearing

Vision

Houses all memories.

• Surface of cerebrum; conscious thinking
• Body's ultimate control and info processing center
• 2/3 hidden in fold
• Tops of folds called gyri
• Depths of folds called sulci

Tops of cerebral cortex folds

Depths/Depressions of cerebral cortex folds

15 cm

An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.

The area at the front of the parietal lobes that controls voluntary movement.

Controls language expression

Controls language recetion

• Sagittal
• Frontal/Coronal/Transverse
• Horizontal

Divides brain into left and right

Divides brain in front and back

Same as anterior or ventral

Same as posterior or dorsal

Divides brain by top(superior) and bottom(inferior)

• Medial
• Proximal
• Distal
• Lateral

Towards midline, center

"In the distance" outside

Any amount of energy to which a cell responds

The stimulus coming in

The interpretation of the sense

• Taste
• Smell
• Touch
• See
• Hear
• Kinesthesis
• Vestibular

Sense of body parts and location of them in space.

• Controls balance
• Fluid, located in the inner ear, stimulates small hairs that then send messages to the brain.

Minimum amount of energy needed to detect a stimuli.

Minimum amount of change needed in a stimuli to detect the change.

The bigger the stimulus, the bigger the change is needed in order to detect the change.

Vision

Predicts when we will detect weak signals.

Signals below our threshold that are unconsciouly sensed.

The activation of certain associations, predisposing perception.

The diminishing sesitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

• Experience
• Expectation
• Motivation
• Level of Alertness

The principle that one sense may influence another

Awareness focuses on only a limited aspect of all we experience.

New sensations come to the brain and are analyzed.

Context and what we already know is used to analyze a sensation.

Two adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession and we perceive a single light moving back and forth between them.

• Enables us to perceive an object as unchanged despite a changing stimulus.
• Shape
• Size
• Color
• Light

• Telepathy
• Clairvoyance
• Precognition

Communication between two minds

Perceiving remote events

Perceiving future events

The ability to move matter with the mind.

Each eye sees a slightly different image

Depth perception

When the brain combines the images from both eyes and puts them together into one image.

Turns the eye to a near object and computes the angle.

If one object blocks another, it is perceived as closer.

Predators have better depth perception and prey has better peripheral vision.

Small, adjustable hole through which light passes

The muscle surrounding the pupil that regulates the size of the pupil and how much light enters

Focuses incoming rays into a n image on the eye's back surface.

A multi-layer tissue that Controls light receptor cells

• Assist with seeing at night/seeing light
• Men have more

• Create more distinct colors
• Women have more

The retina's area of central focus where cones cluster around.

Network of cells that transfer light to the brain

Spot where the optic nerve leaves the eye and there are no receptor cells.

Upside down and backwards

The image viewed

The image formed on the retina.

The process in which the lens changes its curvature to focus light into an image.

After visual information leaves receptor cells, it is analyzed in terms of the opposite color.

• Yellow-Blue
• Green-Red
• Black-White

• Similarity
• Proximity
• Connectedness
• Continuity
• Closure

Sees things that are the same as belonging together

Sees things as close together as belonging together.

See things that are connected as being together

See something as being continuous

Fill in the gaps. Even when you can't see something you assume it's there.

• Figure is what you see in the front (focused)
• Ground is what is in the background and behind the figure

• Is a chemical sense
• Processed by temporal lobe

smell receptors

• Pressure
• Pain
• Heat
• Cold

Someone without a limb can feel pain or sensation in it because the brain anticipates it will be getting information from the limb.

Unit for measuring sound energy

• Outer ear channels sound waves into the eardrum.
• The middle ear transmits vibrations through a piston to the cochlea.
• Causes the membrane to vibrate, which moves the fluid in the tubes.
• Moves hair cells and triggers impulses in nerve cells.

• Salty
• Sweet
• Bitter
• Sour
• Umami

• Smell
• Texture
• Temperature
• Sight

• The four systems of communication
• Visual
• Artificial
• Natural
• Non-Verbal

Signs, pictures, diagrams

Music notes, math equations, computer programs

Spoken, written, signed, or sung word

Body movements (posture, gestures, smile, eye contact) and tone, hesitation, volume

• Prosody
• Intonation
• Speed
• Stress

Rhythm of voice

Inflection (rise/fall) of your voice (pitch, tone, volume)

Pace of voice

Emphasis on words

The distance people keep between themselves and others

Introduced idea of proxemics

• Greater than 12 feet
• Strangers

• 4-12 feet
• Business conducted here

18 inches - 4 feet

18 inches - 0

crossed legs, crossed arms, hiding hands

When you see something you want you pupils get bigger/ if you find someone attractive.

Your pupils get smaller when you are angry. Is to let in more light.

• Duration
• Second Glance
• Distance
• Speaker vs. Listener

• Dilated pupils
• Symmetry
• School
• Juries & defendants

• 90% of them is visual
• Made in 3-4 seconds

• Clothing
• Hygiene/grooming
• Body language

82% of people will jay walk if a guy in a suit is doing it

• Black to serious
• Red to racy

Wear navy blue

Wear white or pink

• Orange stimulates appetite
• Teal/Blue/Green makes you less hungry

• Reassures the speaker they are listening.
• "Checks-in" during conversation

• About feelings NOT judgements
• I feel _ when you _

Individual + Situation

Adlerian Behavior Model

• Mix and Match:
• Active
• Passive
• Constructive
• Destructive

Shock experiments

Our own set of assumptions about how people behave and what traits or characteristics go together.

An exaggerated set of assumptions about an unidentifiable group of people.

An analysis of how we interpret and understand other people's behavior.

Personal characteristics of a person at the time of an occurring event.

The situations/environment at the time of the occurring event.

Giving to much credit to the personal or situational factors of an event.

Explanation of your own behavior that keeps self-esteem high.

What you see in a conversation depends on you opinions of that person from that angle.

• Diffusion of responsibility
• Gender bias
• Age bias
• Alone or not

• Notice
• Interpret as an emergency
• Assume Responsibility

• A phenomenon that says people do better in their performance under the pressure of others.
• Doesn't work if you working on the same task with the person.

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort towards attaining a common goal, then when individually accountable.

The unselfish regard for the welfare of others

That one acts to reduce the discomfort they feel when 2 of out thoughts are inconsistent.

task leaders & social leaders

Interdependence, shared goals and communication

• Get a job done (task function
• Fill emotional need (social function)

Norms, ideology, commitment and participation

Embody norms, adjusted, self-confident, outgoing, energetic and intelligent

Common ideas, attitudes and goals

Technique used to analyze groups

Requires personal sacrifice

Actively envolved

Personal sacrifice, participation, and supportive managers

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

• annual cycles, happen once a year
• ex. geese migration

a biological clock that roughly synchronizes with the 24-hour cycle of day and night. It dictates when to sleep, wake and correlating body temperatures and moods.

• Rapid eye movement. Occurs when one is dreaming.
• 25% of sleep time
• Everything accelerate
• Adrenaline & sex hormones secreted

• 10 minutes
• easy to wake up from
• alpha waves (twitches)

• 20 minutes
• Sleep spindles

• 30 minutes
• Delta waves
• Breathing and heart rate slow
• Blood temp and pressure drop

• 30 minutes
• Delta waves
• Sleep walking, talking

Irritable and trouble concentrating

Staying n REM for a long time

A split in consciousness that allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

inability to stay asleep or fall asleep

Warm milk

Turkey sandwich

Bad dreams that occur during REM

• Occur is 3&4.
• Panic attacks

Repair/refuel oneself

Remember stuff

We have learned to sleep at night

• Breathing stops for a minute or so
• Decreased blood oxygen makes sleeper wake up
• Can repeat 400 times a night
• Mostly happens to overweight men

• McCarley and Hobson
• Dreams are physiological
• Brain trying to make sense of splats of information it releases while sleeping

• Freud
• Shoes ones desires

• Being able to control the outcome of you dreams
• Have to be aware it's a dream

• 3-4: little snipets
• 5-6: motion picture
• 7-8: become character in own dreams
• 8-9: Dreams become like they are now

Actual dream itself. What happened as it occurred.

Explanation/analysis of manifest content

• Dreamer
• Awake
• 3rd party

Before Stage 1. Feels like a dream

Violently acting out dreams

To much sleep

Sleep paralysis after sleep

Leg twitches in sleep

Anything that could go wrong with sleep

• Alpha
• Beta
• Theta
• Delta

in stage 1

when awake

hypnosis

in stages 3&4

Franz Mesmer and James Braid

• Child birth
• Pain
• Stop bad habits
• Conquer phobias

• Mind control
• Is a type of sleep

Suggestion made during hypnosis to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized.

Chemicals that change perception and moods

Psychologically need of drug (Think you need it)

Physiological need of drug (body craves it)

Become used to drugs affect

Not to much of the drug, but where they took it is different them usual

Drugs that slow bodily functions. Calm neural activity

Tranquilizers. Mimic the affects of alcohol

• Take away pain and anxiety.
• Found in morphine and heroin.

Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up bodily functions.

Drugs that stimulate neural activity. Causes energy and mood changes

Psychedelic drugs which distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

People who believe the mind and body are interacting but distinct entities.

Deny the separation of body an mind. Think they are different aspects of the same thing.

A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.

Subconscious learning

A stimulus with doesn't cause any particular response

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response

The natural occurring response tot he US

An originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an US comes to trigger a CR.

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

Period of time when the stimulus comes to evoke the CR.

Father of operant conditioning

Learning from consequences

Increase behavior by presenting a positive stimuli. Encourages as response by giving a reward after te response.

Encourages behavior by removing unpleasant stumuli.

• Punish
• Remove positive stimuli

Principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences becomes more likely, and behavior followed by unfavorable consequences becomes less likely.

The hopeless of passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

Shocked harnessed dogs

Behavior causes unpleasant event to stop.

Behavior prevents unpleasant event.

• Things necessary for survival
• Water
• Food
• Sleep
• Shelter
• Sex

• A stimulus that gets its reinforcing powers through association with a primary reinforcer
• Money
• Grades

• High five
• Dog treat
• Hug

• Smile
• Praise
• Clapping
• Body language

• :)
• :(
• A+, F
• xoxo

Procedure which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

• Plans to encourage behavior
• Fixed (set, known)
• Variable (changing)
• Ratio (quantity, number)
• Interval (duration of time)

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

Duplication of a behavior you see

Therapist expose them to things they're afraid of.

Bobo doll experiment

When you avoid a food that has previously made you ill.

Diminishing a conditioned response

Tendency for a stimulus similar to the conditioned response to elicit similar responses.

The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimuli.

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

• Survival (hunger&thirst)
• Strange & unusual
• Of interest

You choose what to pay attention to.

Remember details of things

People remember the first and last things in a list

• Getting information into the brain
• Visual
• Acoustic
• Sematic

• Repetition
• Association
• Categorization
• Make a story

• When people remember facts pertaining to themselves better than facts pertaining to others. Helps with learning by trying to find personal meaning in what you study.

Memory of information last as long as you need it, then it is gone. Instantaneous

Photographic or picture-image memory. Lasts about a tenth of a second

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

• 20 seconds
• 7 items
• Can increase length of memory storage through rehearsal and chunking.

• Memories that can be talked about.
• Semantic
• Episodic

The understanding of words and meanings

The memory for events in life.

• There's a particular order
• Skills
• Priming
• Conditioning

Driving clutch, riding bike, typing

Ready for something (have one sill that helps you learn another)

Training that becomes automatic

Filling in the gaps in memories

Photographic memory

The basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety from consciousness.

Stress hormones can fuel brain activity and make certain memories stand out. The can also disrupt memory for neutral events around the same time.

The loss of memory

Ability to identify something when you see it

Ability to pull information from your head without a reminder

• Retrieval cues
• ex. ROY G. BIV

The composition of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrow concepts and facts

When the knowledge of one thing makes learning another easier.

Old memories/knowledge makes it difficult to learn a new thing.

When a new memory makes it difficult to recall old memories.