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When a lumbar puncture is performed cerebral spinal fluid is removed from what layer of the meninges?
subarachnoid space
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lumbar punctures are used to diagnose a variety of conditions. Name some of those conditions
meningitis, hemorrhage, inflammatory disorders
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during a lumbar puncture dyes are used to find......?
abnormal structures
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lumbar punctures are also used to administer______ or _________
medications or contrast media
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when performing a lumbar puncture how is the patient positioned
in a lateral decubitus position or seated
The lumbar spine is maximally flexed
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where does the needle entered during a lumbar puncture?
L3 – L4
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lumbar puncture tests can be used for diagnostic purposes by removing ______ ________ ________?
cerebral spinal fluid
use to find cellular changes within the fluid
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lumbar punctures can be used to administer medications. When might this be useful?
during child birth, surgery, etc.
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x-rays are useful when trying to observe?
abnormalities of bone, fractures of the skull, vertebrae and abnormal calcification
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what does CT stand for?
computerized tomography
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CT scans are useful for diagnosing?
strokes, tumors, trauma, dementia, subarachnoid hemorrhage
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What are the advantages of a CT scan?
precise, sensitive, and fast
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CT scans are used for viewing?
larger problems
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what does MRI stand for?
magnetic resonance imaging
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MRI are used to diagnose?
stroke, tumor, dementia, multiple sclerosis, infections
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MRIs provide a high contrast of____ _____.
soft tissue
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MRIs are used to provide images of ________problems.
smaller
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usually diagnostic testing is performed in a certain order. What is that order?
- 1- X – Ray– usually the cheapest
- 2- CT scan
- 3- MRI– usually the last choice because they can last an hour, expensive, and can be problematic for patients with claustrophobia
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MRI can provide imaging to within ___ mm
1
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MRIs create a...?
magnetic field
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true or false – CT scans involve radiation
true
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true or false – MRI is good for providing images for acute conditions
- false – MRIs are usually used for the detection of slow degenerative diseases.
- CT scans can usually provide imaging for acute conditions better than MRI.
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true or false – CT scans are fast and easy for patients
true
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true or false – CT scans are good for soft tissue and bone injury
true
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true or false – MRIs have a significantly high level of radiation
false – MRIs are use with magnets and therefore do not produce radiation. MRIs can be done serially
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true or false – MRI can be performed quickly and is usually easy for the patient to endure.
false – MRI is a slow process and can be difficult for patients with claustrophobia. The process can last up to one hour.
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described positron emission tomography
it is a type of imaging in which tracers are injected in the body in order to observe and detect metabolic rate within tissue.
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positron emission tomography is used to detect?
tumors, dementia, seizure sites
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describe arteriography
is a procedure that uses a radiopaque dye to outline circulation
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arteriography are used to detect?
arterial and venous malformation, space occupying lesions and occlusions
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what is the risk when performing a arteriography?
the procedure may cause a stroke
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positron emission tomography
The red parts of the image indicate?
high levels of activity
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positron emission tomography
The blue parts of the image indicate
low levels of activity
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positron emission tomography
The dye is composed of?
radioactive sugar
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describe myelogram?
a radiopaque dye is injected into the subarachnoid space.
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in medical terminology myelo– means?
spinal cord
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myelogram is used to detect?
spinal tumors, herniated disc, exostoses, changes in spinal canal.
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what is electromyography?
electrical reading of muscles
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true or false – electromyography is a noninvasive procedure
both true and false – they can be invasive through needle punctures and it can be noninvasive by using surface electrodes
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electromyographs are used for the detection of?
denervation and stages of recovery
Muscle disease
Used to measure motor nerve conduction velocity
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what is a nerve conduction velocity
it is the speed at which peripheral nerves conduct action potentials
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true or false – conduction velocity test, test only sensory nerves
false – motor nerves can also be tested
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true or false – nerve conduction velocity test can detect the degree of damage in the peripheral nerve
true
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how fast does the typical nerve send an impulse
50 – 60 m/s
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what are the procedures for nerve conduction velocity test
test three different sites; axilla, elbow, wrist
One electrode is placed in the thenar eminence
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what is apolyphasic motor unit potential
it is delayed depolarization of the nerve fiber
Motor nerve fibers that have been damaged are replaced by motor nerve fibers from the adjacent nerve which causes the delayed depolarization
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what is a motor unit
a motor neuron that is in the spinal cord that has an axons to the muscle and all the muscle fibers
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what is an electroencephalogram measure
electrical activity of the brain
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electroencephalogram is used to detect?
seizure sites, sleep disorders, and helps evaluate metabolic and toxic deficits
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true or false – sensory evoked potentials only use auditory stimulus to conduct test
false – it is the most commonly tested but other sensory stimulus can be used such as vision and somatosensory input
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sensory evoked potentials are used to detect slowing or delay in the conduction of the PNS or CNS?
CNS
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sensory evoked potentials can be used to find certain kinds of pathologies. Name one of those pathologies.
multiple sclerosis
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