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age structure
# of males and females each pop contains
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demographic transition
from high b&d rates to low ones
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density dependent limiting factors
act in proportion to how pop has become (competition;,disease,stress,overcrowding)
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density independent limiting factors
affects all pops in similar ways(weather stuff(
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exponential growth
larger a pop gets the faster it grows
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logistic growth
pops growth slows then stops, follows expon. growth
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population density
number of individuals per unit area
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aphotic zone
photosynth. cannot occur
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benthos
aquatics live on,in,or near rocks at the bottom of the ocean
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canopy
dense leafy covering,
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climax community
product of secondary succession in a healthy ecosystem
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coniferous
produce seed bearing cones, and needle shaped leaves
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deciduous
sheds leaves during particular season
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ecological succession
predictable changes that occur over time
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estuary
wetland, where river meets the sea
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humus
material formed from decaying leaves and other orgnaic matter
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photic zone
photosynthesis can occur
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primary succession
no remnants of an older community
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secondary succession
situation where a disturbance affects a community without completely destroying it
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taiga
dense forests of coniferous evergrees, northern edge of temperate zone
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understory
shorter trees and vines form under canopy
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wetland
water either covers soil or is present near the surface
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control group
exposed to the same stuff as the expiremental group except one variable
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hypothesis
scientific explanation for observations that can be tested
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independent variable
variable that is deliberately changed
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inference
logical interpretation based on whates already known
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metabolism
combination of chemical reactions where materials are built and broken down
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theory
well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
-
active transport
movement of materials against a concentration diffference
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aquaporins
channels that allow water to pass
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cell membrane
thin flexible barrier
-
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diffusion
force behind movement across membrane
-
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facilitated diffusion
molecules pass through special protein channels
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golgi apparatus
modifies,sorts,packages proteins from er for storage in cell or release
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hypertonic
shrinks,above strength
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hypotonic
bursts, water solution is more than sugar
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isotonic
stays normal size, water and sugar are same strength
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lipid bilayer
regulates what enters and leaves the cell
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lysosomes
brekdown lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into more convienent molecules
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mitochondria
converts chemical energy from food
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osmosis
diffusion of water through selectively permeable
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osmotic pressure
force that results from movement of water in&out of the cell
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passive transport
does not require energy
-
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receptor
detects a single molecule and performs an action in response
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ribosomes
assemble proteins, rna
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tissue
group of similar cells
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biodiversity
varied geneticity of all organisms
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biological magnification
ddt,mercury,or pcb is picked up and not broken down
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ecological footprint
describes total usage of resources a population needs
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ecological hotspot
place where # of species and habitats are in daner of extinction
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ecosystem diversity
variety of habitats,communities, and ecological processes in a biosphere
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genteic diversity
total of dif genetic info. in a species
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ozone layer
contains nitrogen
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sustainable development
provides needs while preserving resources
-
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biogeochemical cycles
closed loops that elements pass through from 1 organism to another
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biomass
amount of living tissue in a trophic level
-
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chemosynthesis
chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates
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dentrification
nitrates converted to nitrogen gas
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detritivores
feed on detritus particles
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ecological pyramid
shows amount of energy or matter within each level in a given chain or web
-
ecology
study of interactions
-
food chain
steps where energy is transferred by eating and being eaten
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nitrogen fixation
nitrogn gas into ammonia
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phytoplankton
floating algae
-
pyramid of biomass
living organic matter in each level
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pyramid of numbers
# of individual organisms at each level
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scavengers
consume carcasses of others
-
zooplankton
small , swimming animals that feed on marine algae
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acid
forms H+ ions in solution
-
activation energy
starts chemical reaction
-
adhesion
attracion between molecules of different sybstances
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amino acids
compounds with amino group on one end and carboxyl group on the other
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base
produce hydroxide ions
-
buffers
weak acid or base that react with stronger to prevent sharp changes in pH
-
carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen and oxygen 1:2:1
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catalyst
speed up chemical reactions
-
cohesion
attraction of molecues that are the same substance
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double covalent bond
atoms share 4 electrons
-
electron
negativley charged particle
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enzymes
proteins that act as a catalyst
-
hydrogen bond
attraction between hyrdrogen atom with one positive and one negative harged atom
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ions
positive and negative charged particles
-
isotopes
atoms of the same element that differ in # of neutrons
-
lipids
not soluable in water
-
mass #
total # of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
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molecules
smallest unit of most compounds
-
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monosaccharides
single sugar molecule
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neutron
noncharged particle
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nucleic acids
macromolecules thatcontain hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon and phosphorous
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nucleotides
3 parts, 5 carbon sugar,phosphate group, nitogeneous base
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peptide bonds
link amino acids, form polypeptide
-
proton
positively charged particle
-
reactants
elements that enter a chem reaction
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saturated
fatty acids, contain max hydrogen
-
single covalent bond
share 2 electrons
-
solution
mixture of ions dispersed in water
-
solvent
substane in which solute dissolves
-
substrates
reactants of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
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suspension
water and non dissolved material
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van der waals forces
when molecules close, slight attraction can develop between opposite charged regions
-
organic groups
protein,.nucc.acid,carbohydrates,lipids
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nucleic acid
nucleotides, pass genteic info CHONP
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protein
CHON amino acids repair inside body
-
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carbohydrates
CHO (monosaccharides) energy
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cfc
thinning of ozone layer
-
montreal protocal
in canada all nations agreed to reduce cfc
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greenhouse gases
methane, carbon dioxide, water
-
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nitorgen cycle
protein build up, nitrogen fixation
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phophorous cycle
rain resolves rocks, releas water into plants &absorbes
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