Muscle Review.txt

• Proximal Attachment:
• Medial third of superior nuchal line, External
• occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, and Spinous processes of C7-T12 vertebrae

• Distal Attachment:
• lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

Innervationa: Spinal accessory

• Action:
• -Superior fibers elevate, middle fibers retract, and inferior fibers depress scapula;

-Superior and inferior fibers act together in superior rotation of scapula (inferior angle outward)

P. Attachment: spinous process of inferior 6 thoracic vertebra, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, & inf. 3 or 4 ribs

-D. Attachment: floor of intertubercular groove of humerus

-Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8)

Action: extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus & raises body toward arms during climbing.

P. Attach: spinous process of T2-T5 vertebra

D. Attach: medial border of scapula from level of spine to inferior angle

Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve (C5)

Action: retract scapula, rotate inferior angle medially to depress glenoid cavity, & fix scapula to thoracic wall

P. Attach: spinous process of C7 and T1

D. Attach: medial border of scapula from level of spine to inferior angle

Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve (C5)

Action: retract scapula, rotate inferior angle medially to depress glenoid cavity, & fix scapula to thoracic wall

• Origin: mastoid process
• Insertion: sternum and medial portion of clavicle
• Innervation: spinal accessory nerve
• Action: sidebends head toward the ipsilateral side and rotates it away from the ipsilateral side

Origin: posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebra

Insertion: superior part of medial border of scapula

Innervation: dorsal scapular and cervical nerves

Action: elevates scapula and tilts its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula , also sidebends neck and rotates it to the same side

Origin: transverse process of C2-C7

Insertion: 1st rid, 2nd Rib

Innervation C3-C8

Action: Elevates first & second rib, side bends and rotates cervical spine towards ipsilateral side

Origin: lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

Insertion: tuberosity of humerous

Innervation: Axillary nerve

Action: flex and medially rotate, abduct arm, extends and laterally roates arm

Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula

Insertion: superior facet on greater tubercle of humerus

Innervation: Suprascapular nerve

Action: initiates and assists deltoid in abduction of arm and acts with rotator cuff muscles

Origin: infraspinatus fossa of scapula

Insertion: middle facet on greater tubercle of humerus

Innervation: suprascapular nerve

Action: laterally rotate arm, help hold humeral head in glenoid cavity, depress humeral head

Origin: superior part of lateral border of scapula

Insertion: inferior facet on greater tubercle of humerus

Innervation: Axillary nerve

Action: laterally rotate arm, hold humeral head in glenoid cavity, depress humeral head

Origin: dorsal surface of inferior angle of scapula

Insertion: medial liip of intertubercular groove of humerus

Innervation: lower subscapular nerve

Action: adducts and medially rotates arm

Origin: Subscapular fossa

Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus

Innvervation: upper and lower subscapular nerves

Action: medially roates arm & adducts it, holds humeral head in glenoid activity

Origin: medial half of clavicle, sternum, superior 6 costal cartilages and aponeurosis of external oblique

Insertion: lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus

Innervation: lateral and medical pectoral nerves

Action: adducts and medially rotates humerus; draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly

Origin: 3rd-5th ribs near their costal cartilages

Insertion: medial border and superior surface of coracoid process of scapula

Innervation: medial pectoral nerve

Action: stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against thoracic wall

Origin: external surfaces of lateral parts of 1-8 ribs

Insertion: anterior surface of medial border of scapula

Innervation: long thoracic nerve

Action: protracts scapula and holds it against thoracic wall, rotates scapula

Origin: short head: tip of coracoid process of scapula; long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Insertion: tuberosity of radius and fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis

Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve

Action: supinates forearm, flexes forearm, flexes shoulder

Origin: distal half of anterior surface of humerus

Insertion: coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna

Innervation: musculocutaneous nerce

Action: flexes forearm in all positions

Origin: tip of coracoid process of scapula

Insertion: middle third of medial surface of humerus

Innervation: Musculocutaneous

Action: flex and adduct arm

Origin: LH: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula; lateral head: posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove; MH: posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove

Insertion: proximal end of olecranon of ulna and fascia of forearm

Innervation: Radial nerve

Action: extends the forearm, chief extensor

Origin: two-thirds of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

Insertion: lateral surface of distal end of radius

Innervation: radial nerve

Action: flexes forearm, with the thumb up

Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna

Insertion: middle of lateral surface of radius

Innervation: median nerve

Action: pronates and flexes forearm.

Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: base of 2nd meetacarpal bone

Innervation: median nerve

Action: Flex and abduct hand

Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: distal half of flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis

Innervation: median nerve

Action: fles hand (at wrist) and tighten palmar aponeurosis

Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon and posterior border of ulna

Insertion: pisiform bone, hook of hamate, 5th metacarpal

Innervation: ulnar nerve

Action: flex and adducts hand

Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, ulnar collateral ligament, coronoid process of ulna, superior half of anterior border of radius

Insertion: bodies of middle phalanges of medial 4 digits

Innervation: median nerve

Action: flexes PIP joint

Origin: proximal three-fourths of medial and anterior surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane

Insertion: bases of distal phalanx of medial four digits

Innervation: medial part: ulnar nerve; lateral part: median nerve

Action: flexes DIP at distal interphalangeal joints of medial four digits; assists with flexion of hand

Origin: anterior surface of radius and adjacent interosseous membrae

Insertion: bases of distal phalanx of thumb

Innervation: AIN

Action: flexes phalanx of 1st digit

Origin: distal fourth of anterior surface of ulna

Insertion: distal fourth of anterior surface of radius

Innervation: AIN

Action: pronates forearm, deep fibers bind radius and ulna together

Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

Insertion: base of 2nd metacarpal

Innervation: Radial nerve

Action: extend and abduct hand at wrist joint

Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: base of 3rd metacarpal

Innervation: deep branch of radial nerve

Action: extend hand at wrist joint

Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna

Insertion: base of 5th metacarpal

Innervation: PIN

Action: extends and adducts hand at wrist joint

Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: extensor expansions of medial four digits

Innervation: PIN

Action: extends medial four digits at metacarpophalangeal joints, extends hand at wrist joint

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: extensor expansin of 5th digit

Innervation: PIN

Action: Extends 5th digit at MCP and IP joints

Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus, radial collateral and anular ligament, supinator fossa, and crest of ulna

Insertion: lateral, posterior, and anterior surfaces of proximal third of radius

Innervation: deep branch of radial nerve

Action: supinates forearm

Origin: posterior surface of ulna, radius and interosseous membrane

Insertion: base of 1st metacarpal

Innervation: PIN

Action: Abducts thumb and extends it at CMP (snuff box)

Origin: posterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane

Insertion: base of proximal phalanx of thumb

Innervation: PIN

Action: extends proximal phalanx at CMP joint

Origin: posterior surface of middle third of ulna and interosseous membrane

Insertion: base of distal phalanx of thumb

Innervation: PIN

Action: Extends distal phalanx of thumb at MCP and IP joints (snuff box)

Origin: posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane

Insertion: extensor expansion of 2nd digit

Innervation: PIN

Action: Extends 2nd digit and helps to extend hand

Origin: bases of 2nd & 3rd metacarpals, capitate, and adjacent carpals, anterior surface of body of 3rd metacarpal

Insertions: medial sides of bases of proximal phalanx of thumb

Innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve

Action: adducts thumb toward middle digit

Origin: Pisiform

Insertion: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of little finger

Innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve

Action: Abducts digit 5

Origin: hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum

Insertion: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of little finger

Innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve

Action: flexes proximal phalanx of digit 5

Origin: hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum

Insertion: medial border of 5th metacarpal

Innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve

Action: draws 5th metacarpal anteriorly and rotates it, bringing digit 5 into opposition with the thumb

Origin: Lateral two tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

Insertion: lateral side of extensor expansions of digits 2-5

Innervation: median nerve

Action: flex digits at MCP and extend IP joint

Origin: medial 3 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

Insertion: lateral sides of extensor expansions of digits 2-5

Innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve

Action: flex digits at MCP joints and extend IP joints

Origin: adjacent sides of 2 metacarpals

Insertion: extensor expansions and bases of proximal phalanges of digits 2-4

Innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve

Action: abduct digits from axial line and act with lumbricals to flex MCP joints and extend IP joints

Origin: palmar surfaces of 2nd, 4th, and 5th metacarpals

Insertion: extensor expansions of digits and bases of proximal phalanges of digits 2, 4, and 5

Innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve

Action: Adduct digits from axial line and act with lumbricals to flex MCP joints and extend IP joints.

Origin: flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium

Insertion: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb

Innervation: recurrent branch of median nerve

Action: abducts thumb and helps oppose it

Origin: flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium

Insertion: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb

Innervation: recurrent branch of median nerve

Action: flexes thumb

Origin: flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium

Insertion: lateral side of 1st metacarpal

Innvervation: recurrent branch of median nerve

Action: draws 1st metacarpal bone medially to oppose thumb toward center of palm and rotates it medially

Origin: illium posterior to posterior gluteal line, dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament

Insertion: most fibers end in IT band that insert into lateral condyle of tibia

Innervation: inferior gluteal nerve

Action: extends thigh and assists in its lateral rotation

Origin: exteranl surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal line

Insertion: lateral surface of greater trochanter of femuer

Innervation: superior gluteal nerve

Action: abduct and medially rotates thigh; keep pelvis level when opposite leg is raised.

Origin: external surface of ilium between anterior and interior gluteal lines

Insertion: anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur

Innervation: superior gluteal nerve

Action: abducts and medially rotates thigh

Origin: anterior surface of sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament

Insertion: superior border of greater trochanter of femur

Innervation: branches of ventral rami and S1 and S2

Action: laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh; steady femoral head in acetabulum

Origin: pelvic surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bones

Insertion: medial surface of greater trochanter of femur

Innervation: nerve of obturator internus

Action: laterally rotate extended thiigh and abduct flexed thigh; steady femoral head in actabulum

Origin: superior: ischial spine; inferior: ischial tuberosity

Insertion: medial surface of greater trochanter of femur

Innervation: superior: nerve to obterator internus; inferior: nerve to quadratus femoris

Action: laterally roatate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh

Origin: lateral border of ischial tuberosity

Insertion: quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur and area inferior to it

Innervation: nerve to quadratus femoris

Action: laterally rotate thigh, steady femoral head in acetabulum

Origin: superior ramus of pubis

Insertion: pectineal line of femur, just inferior to lesser trochanter

Innervation: femoral nerve

Action: adducts and flexes thigh; assists with medial rotation of thigh

Origin: sides of T12-L5 vertebra and discs between them; transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae

Insertion: lesesr trochanter of femur

Innervation: ventral rami of lumbar nerves

Action: act conjoiningly in flexing thigh at hip joint and in stabilizing the joint

Origin: sies of T12-L1 vertebrae and intervertebral disc

Insertion: pectineal line, iliopectineal eminence via iliopectineal arch

Innervation: ventral rami of lumbar nerves

Action: act conjointly in flexing thigh at hip join and stabilizing this joint.

Origin: iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum and anterior sacroiliac ligaments

Insertion: tendon of psoas major, lesser trochanter, and femur distal to it

Innervation: femoral nerve

Action: act conjointly in flexing thigh at hip joint and in stabalizing this joint

Origin: ASIS and anterior part of iliac crest

Insertion: IT band attaches to lateral condyle of tibia

Innervation: Superior gluteal

Action: abducts medially rotates, and flexes thigh; helps to keep knee extended; steadies trunk on thigh

Origin: ASIS and superior part of notch inferior to ASIS

Insertion: superior part of medial surface of tibia Pes anserine tendon

Innervation: femoral nerve

Action: flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint; flex leg at knee joint; medially rotates tibia

Origin: AIIS and ilium superior to acetabulum

Insertion: base of patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

Innervation: femoral nerve

Action: extend leg at knee joint; steadies hip joint and helps iliopsoas to flex thigh

Origin: greater trochanter & lateral lip of linea aspera of femur

Insertion: base of patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

Innervation: femoral nerve

Action: extend leg at knee joint

Origin: intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera of femur

Insertion: base of patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

Innervation: femoral nerve

Action: extend leg at knee joint

Origin: anterior and lateral surfaces of body of femur

Insertion: baase of patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

Innervation: femoral nerve

Action: extend leg at knee joint

Origin: body of pubis inferior to pubic crest

Insertion: middle third of linea aspera of femur

Innervation: obturator nerve

Action: Adducts thigh

Origin: body and inferior ramus of pubis

Insertion: pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera of femur

Innervation: obturator nerve

Action: adducts thigh and to some extent flexes it

Origin: adductor: inferior ramus of pubis ramus of ischium; hamstring: ischial tuberosity

Insertion: adductor: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line; hamstring: adductor tubercle of femur

Innervation: adductor: obturator nerve; hamstring: tibial part of sciatic nerve

Action: adducts thigh, flexes thigh, extends thigh

Origin: body and inferior ramus of pubis

Insertion: superior part of medial surface of tibia

Innervation: obturator nerve

Action: adducts thigh, flexes leg, and helps rotate it medially

Origin: margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane

Insertion: trochanteric fossa of femur

Innervation: obturator nerve

Action: laterally rotates thigh, steadies head of femur in acetabulum

Origin: ischial tuberosity

Insertion: medial surface of superior part of tibia

Innervation: tibial division of sciatic nerve

Action: extends thigh: flex leg and rotate it medialy when knee is flexed; when thigh and leg are flexed, these muscles can extend trunk

Insertion: medial surface of superior part of tibia

Innervation: tibial division of sciatic nerve

Action: extends thigh: flex leg and rotate it medialy when knee is flexed; when thigh and leg are flexed, these muscles can extend trunk

Origin: Ischial Tuberosity

Insertion: posterior part of medial condyle of tibia

Innervation: Tibial division of sciatic nerve

Action: extends thigh: flex leg and rotate it medially when knee is flexed; when thigh and leg are flexed, these muscles can extend trunk

Origin: LH: ischial tuberosity; SH linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur

Insertion: lateral side of head of fibula (tendon is split by fibular collateral ligament of knee

Innervation: LH: tibial division of sciatic nerve; SH: common fibular

Action: flexes leg and rotates it laterally when knee is flexed; extends thigh

Origin: lateral condyle and superior half of lateral surface of tibia and interosseous

Insertion: medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal

Innervation: deep fibular

Action: dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot

Origin: lateral condyle of tibia and superior 3/4s of medial surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane

Insertion: middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits

Innervation: deep fibular

Action: extends lateral four digits and dorsiflexes ankle

Origin: middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane

Insertion: dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe

Innervation: deep fibular

Action: extends great toe and dorsiflexes ankle

Origin: inferior third of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane

Insertion: dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal

Innervation: Deep fibular nerve

Action: dorsiflexes ankle and aids in eversion of foot

Origin: head and superior 2/3s of lateral surface of fibula

Insertion: base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform

Innervation: superficial fibular

Action: everts foot and weakly plantarflexes ankle

Origin: inferior 2/3s of lateral surface of fibular

Insertion: dorsal surface of tuberosity on lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal

Innervation: superficial fibular nerve

Action: Evert foot and weakly plantar/flex ankle

Origin: lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus

Insertion: posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line

Innervation: tibial nerve

Action: weakly flexes knee and unlocks it

Origin: inferior 2/3s of posterior surface of fibula and inferior part of interosseous membrane

Insertion: base of distal phalanx of great toe

Innervation: tibial nerve

Action: flexes great toe at all joints and weakly plantarflexes ankle; supports longitudinal arches of foot

Origin: medial part of posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line and by a broad tendon to fibula

Insertion: bases of distal phalanges of digits 2-4

Innervation: tibial nerve

Action: flexes lateral four digits and plantarflexes ankle; supports longitudinal arches of foot

Origin: interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line and posterior surface of fibula

Insertion: tuberosity of navicular, cuneiform, and cuboid, and bases of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals

Innervation: tibial nerve

Action: plantarflexes ankle and inverts foot

Origin: lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur; medial head: popliteal surface of femur, superior to medial condyle

Insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Innervation: tibial nerve

Action: plantarflexes ankle independent of position of knee and steadies leg on foot

Origin: posterior aspect of head of fibula, superior forth of posterior surface of fibula soleal line and medial border of tibia

Insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Innervation: tibial nerve

Action: plantarflexes ankle independent of position of knee and steadies leg on foot

Origin: inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament

Insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Innervation: tibial nerve

Action: weakly assists gastrocnemius in plantarflexing ankle and flexing knee

Origin: medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor reticnaculum and plantar aponeurosis

Insertion: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit

Innervation: medial plantar nerve

Action: abducts and flexes 1st digit

Origin: medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis and intermuscular septa

Insertion: both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits

Innervation: medial plantar nerve

Action: flexes lateral four digits

Origin: medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa

Insertion: lateral side of based of proximal phalanx of 5th digit

Innervation: lateral plantar nerve

Action: abducts and flexes 5th digit

Origin: medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus

Insertion: posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus

Innervation: lateral plantar nerve

Action: assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits

Origin: tendons of flexor digitorum longus

Insertion: medial aspect of expansion over lateral four digits

Innvervation: medial: medial plantar nerve; lateral three: lateral plantar nerve

Action: flex proximal phalanges and extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits.

Origin: plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms

Insertion: both sides of bases of proximal phalanx of 1st digit

Innervation: medial plantar nerve

Action: flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit

Origin: oblique: base of metatarsals 2-4; transverse: plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joint

Insertion: tendons of both heads attach to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit

Innervation: deep branch of lateral plantar nerve

Action: adducts 1st digit; assists in maintaingin transverse arch

Origin: base of 5th metatarsal

Insertion: base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit

Innervation: superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve

Action: flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit, thereb assisting with its flexion

OriginL bases of medial sides of metatarsals 3-5

Insertion: medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of 3-5th digits

Innervation: lateral plantar nerve

Action: adducts digits and flexes metatarsophalangeal joints

Origin: Adjacent sides of metarsals 1-5

Insertion: first: medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit; second to fourth: lateral sides of 2nd to 4th digits

Innervation: lateral plantar nerve

Action: abducts digits and flex metatarsophalangeal joints