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What are the intensities of turbulance?
- light
- moderate
- severe
- extreme
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What are the classifications of turbulance?
- Thermal
- Mechanical
- Frontal
- Wind shear
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What type of frontal activity is likely to produce the most turbulence?
Fast moving cold front
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What is the rule of thumb for local intensity of turbulance?
- Moderate: up to 300 miles downwind
- Severe: up to 150 miles downwind
- Extreme: 50 knot wind at ALT peak
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What are the different durations of turbulance?
- Occasional < 1/3 of total time
- Intermittent 1/3 to 2/3 of total time
- Continuous > 2/3 of total time
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Wind shear is almost always what?
Clear air turbulance (CAT)
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Which one of the following may cause mechanical turbulence when air is flowing over it?
- Irregular terrain
- Buildings
- Mountains
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Flying over _____ , turbulance may be more noticable then over trees or bodies of water.
plowed fields
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The strength and magnitude of mechanical turbulance is dependent on what?
- Wind speed
- Roughness of terrain
- Stability of air
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Which cloud formations are associated with mountain wave turbulence?
rotor, lenticular, & cap clouds
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To avoid Mountain wave turblance fly ____ than peak, and approach mountain range at ____.
50% higher; a 45* angle
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What is the T-6 turbulent air penetration speed?
180-195 KIAS
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Frontal turbulence would be the most severe when associated with a ______.
fast moving cold front
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No turbulance in ____ front due to little or no ____.
warm; lifiting
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Wind shear is a sudden change in wind speed or direction over a short distance, vertically or horizontally. Which shift if more significant?
Vertical shear
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What are the three types of wind shear turbulence?
- Jet stream
- Gusty winds
- Temp inversion
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What conditions are necessary for the formation of ice on aircraft?
Freezing temperatures, visible moisture, and aircraft skin temperature below freezing
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What type front produces the most significant icing conditions?
Occluded front
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An aviation hazard associated with structural icing is that it results in ______.
a reduction of lift by changing the airfoil characteristics
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Clear icing will generally be encountered between a temperature range of ______.
0° C and –10° C
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Formed from small super-cooled water droplets in stratiform clouds of stable air
Rime icing
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Consists of ice crystals formed by deposition.
Frost
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Formed by large individual water droplets freezing as they strike the aircraft surface
Clear icing
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Considered to be the most frequently encountered type of icing
Mixed icing
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What would be the effect on an aircraft which attempted to take off without removing frost that has formed during the night?
- Increase in the stall speed
- Lift and drag/ratios will be affected
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Which one of the following types of clouds would you most likely be flying through if encountering clear icing?
Cumulus
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State the evasive tactic used when wet snow or freezing rain is encountered?
Climb to colder air with wet snow and climb to warmer air with freezing rain
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State the classifications used to describe icing.
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What are the greatest hazards associated with induction and compressor icing?
Reduced airflow and FOD
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What are the two types of engine icing?
Compressor and induction icing
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When finding yourself in icing conditions, you can escape by flying into areas of
_____ temperatures.
Colder
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At what intensity of icing is rate of accumulation a problem if encountered for an extended period of time?
Light
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Induction ice has a high probabilty with air temperature of ____ or _____.
+10C; less and high relative humidity
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Define slant range visibility.
Distance on final approach at which the runway envirnment is in sight
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In what conditions is frost most likely to occur?
Clear, clam night with freezing temps.
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What are the two main types of fog?
Radiation and advection fog
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Total visibility over half the horizon circle or greater is ______.
Prevailing visibility
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Visibility is reported obscured when reduced to ____.
less than 6 miles
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______ is the distance that be seen directly upward from the ground into a surface-based obscuration
Vertical visibility
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What will result in the saturation of an air mass?
Rising the dew point
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What three parameters must be meet for moisture to be considered fog?
- Base at or w/in 50 ft of surface
- > 20 ft thick
- Visibility < 5/8 mile
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What is the only thing that can dissapate advection fog?
A wind shift
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Radiation fog could be expected in areas characterized by ______.
low wind speed, and clear skies
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Which type of fog produces a thicker, more persistent layer?
Advection
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What phenomenon would your aircraft be flying through if experiencing a rise in oil temperatures, acrid odor (possibly from an electrical fire), airspeed fluctuations, pitted windscreens, and a bright orange glow around the engine inlets?
Volcanic ash cloud
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