Biology lab

• 1. Eukaryotic
• 2. Multicellular
• 3. Heterotrophic
• 4. No cell walls
• 5. Cells held together by external structures, proteins and specialized cellular juctions
• 6. Ingest food and digest internaly
• 7. Nervous and muscular tissues
• 8. Most reproduce sexually and the diploid phase of the life cycle predominates
• 9. Zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula
• 10. Many have independent larval stages which metamorphose into adults
• 11. Originated from cologial flaggelated protist.

• 1. Symmetry; radial (parts arranged around a central axis), bilateral (right and left halves are mirror images).
• 2. Type of body cavity; acoelomate (no cavity, tissue closely pack on one another), pseudolomate (cavity between endoderm and mesoderm), eucoelomate (cavity lined by mesoderm, mesodermal membranes suspend the gut within the body cavity).
• 3. Number of germ layers during embryo and development of digestive tract; protostomes (blastopore develops into a mouth), deuterostomes (blastopore develops into an anus).

• Poriferia: sponges
• Cnidaria: hydras, jellies, anemonas, corals
• Platyhelminthes: planarians, tapeworm
• Annelida: clamworms,earthworms, segmented worms, leeches
• Mollusca: snails, slugs, clams, squid
• Arthropoda: crayfish, insects
• Echinodermata: sea star, sea urchin
• Chordata: lancelets, mammals, birds, amphibians

• 1. Symmetry: radial, bilateral, or asymmetrical.
• 2. Tissue organization: number of tissue layers.
• 3. Body Cavity: acoelomate, psedocoelomate, eucoelomate.
• 4. Opening in digestive tract: one opening mouth/anus, or "tube within a tube".
• 5. Circulatory System: open= blood flows through coelomic spaces in tissue and in blood vessels, closed= blood flows though vessels, or none.
• 6. Habitat: terrestrial or aquatic.

• 7. Organs for respiration: skin, gills, lungs, spiracles and tracheae, cells.
• 8. Organs of excretion: skin by diffusion, Malpighian tubules, lateral excretory canals, flame cells, nephridia, kidneys, or none.
• 9. Type of locomotion: swim, crawl, walk, burrow or fly.
• 10. Support System: hydrostatic skeleton, endoskeleton, or exoskeleton.
• 11. Segmentation: repetition of similar units or segments.
• 12. Appendages: organs or parts attached to a trunk or outer body wall.
• 13. Type of Nervous System: brain and nerve cord, dorsal brain and ventral nerve cord, or none, network of nerve cells, ladderlike nervous syst, ganglia nerves, nerve ring and epidermal nerve net.

• Osculum: large opening to the body at one end.
• Spicules: prevent small animals to enter internal cavity.
• Spongocoel: central internal cavity
• Choanocyte or collar cell: cells unique to sponges that line central cavity.
• Spongin: supportive material consisting of soft proteinaceous susbtance.

• Hydras have tissue grade meaning that there are only tissues and no organs.
• Gastrovascular cavity: central internal cavity where extracellular digestion occurs.
• Gastrodermis: layer of cells lining the gastrovascular cavity where intracellular dig. occurs.
• Cnidocytes: cell unique to cnidarians.
• Nematocyst: stinging organelle that when stimulated traps food or sting predotors.

• Plannarians have ladderlike nervous system.
• Clamworms have two parapodia (legs) in each segment with setae.
• Earthworms's anterior end is called prostomium; the clitellum is the structure that secretes a cocoon that holds eggs located closer to mouth.
• Excretion in clam/earthworms is by organs called nephridia where waste is collected and discharged to the outside through a small pore.

1. Tissue Organization: a) distinct tissues absent; sponge. b) distinct tissues present; all other.

2. Symmetry: a) radial; cnidaria, hydra, sea star. b) bilateral; all others except sponges.

3. Body Cavity: a) acoelomate; planarian. b) pseudocoelomate; roundworm. c) eucoelomate; all others.

4. Openings to Digestive tract: a) one; hydra, planarian. b) two; all others.

5. Circulatiory System: a) none; sponge, hydra, planarian, roundworm. b) open; clam, crayfish, grasshopper. c) closed; clam/earthworm, lancelet, pig.

6. Habitat: a) aquatic; sponge, hydra, planarian, clamworm, clam, crayfish, sea star, lancelet. b) terrestrial; earthworm, grasshopper, pig. c) parasitic; roundworm.

7. Organs for Gas Exchange: a) skin; clam/earthworm, sea star, lancelet, hydra. b) gills; clam, crayfish. c) lungs; pig. d) spiracles/tracheae; grasshopper.

8. Organs of Excretion: a) flame cells; planarians. b) nephridia; clam/earthworm, calm, lancelet. c) green glands; crayfish. d) Malpighian tubules; grasshopper. e) kidney; pig.

9. Type of Locomotion: a) none to limited; sponge, hydra. b) swim; clamworm, crayfish, lancelet. c) walk; crayfish, grasshopper, pig. d) crawling; earth/roundworm, planarian.

10. Support System: a) external; clam, roundworm, crayfish, grasshopper. b) internal; sea star, lancelet, pig. c) hydrostatic; round/clam/earthworm.

11. Segmented Body: a) no; clam, roundworm, planarian. b) yes; clam/earthworm, crayfish, grasshopper, pig.

12. Appendages: a) yes; hydra, clamworm, crayfish, grasshopper, pig. b) no; all others.

13. Nervous System: a) ventral nerve cord; grasshopper, crayfish. b) dorsal nerve cord; lancelet, pig. c) other; nerve net (hydra), laddelike (planarian), dorsal and ventral (roundworm), nerve ring and radial nerves (sea star).