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By scholarly convention, prehistory refers to the period
before the invention of writing
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Human beings and large apes are significantly different in
level of intelligence
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The famous Lucy was
an Australopithecus.
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The family of hominids includes all of the following species except
apes and monkeys.
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A major difference between Homo erectus and Australopithecus was the ability to
communicate through language.
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Homo sapiens were better hunters than Australopithecus and Homo erectus because they
had larger brains and higher intelligence.
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The most significant defining characteristic of the Paleolithic era was that
peoples relied on hunting and gathering for subsistence.
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What is the significance of the Natufian, Jomon, and Chinook cultures?
- They show that some Paleolithic cultures settled permanently.
- They show that some Paleolithic peoples lived in much larger groups.
- They show that some Paleolithic cultures had specialization of labor.
- They show that some Paleolithic cultures had hierarchies of authority.
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Neandertal peoples developed a capacity for emotion and feelings, which can be seen from their
elaborate burials.
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Cro-Magnon peoples were
Homo sapiens sapiens.
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The prominent sexual features of Venus figurines at Cro-Magnon sites indicate that the Cro-Magnon peoples
were strongly concerned with fertility and the generation of new life.
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What was a likely purpose of Cro-Magnon cave painting?
to exercise sympathetic magic.
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The term Neolithic era refers to
- the early stages of a cultivating society.
- the agricultural transition.
- the era in which the peoples began to use polished stone tools.
- the era in which people began to live permanently in villages.
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By about 5000 B.C.E., agriculture had displaced hunting and gathering societies in several regions of the world primarily because
cultivation provided a relatively stable and regular supply of food.
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All of the following social changes were brought about by agriculture except
the invention of writing.
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The site of Jericho was one of the earliest known
villages.
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Three Neolithic industries that illustrate the greatest potential of specialized labor include
pottery, metallurgy, and textiles.
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Çatal Hüyük is an archaeological site in Anatolia from Neolithic times in which one can readily see evidence of
specialization of labor.
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The belief that Neolithic religious thought clearly reflected the natural world of early agricultural society is based on observation of
representations of gods and goddesses.
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Cities first emerged from agricultural villages and towns in
the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
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Gilgamesh was
- a king of the city-state of Uruk.
- a hero in a popular Mesopotamian epic.
- a warrior in conflict with the city of Kish.
- a legendary loyal friend of Enkidu.
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Which of the following is not true of the land called Mesopotamia?
It is a land of abundant rainfall and fertile plains.
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Which of the following did Sumerian cities and their governments do?
- organize work on building projects.
- rule over the area surrounding the city.
- oversee the construction and maintenance of irrigation systems.
- organize the defense of the city against attacks.
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Sargon of Akkad
was a gifted administrator and warrior.
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In Hammurabi's code you would be unlikely to find
laws that indicate a suspect is innocent until proven guilty.
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Which of the following peoples did not rule a Mesopotamian empire?
the Jews.
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Which of the following was the latest invention?
iron metallurgy.
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Which of the following is true of the social classes of ancient Mesopotamia?
Priests and priestesses were powerful rulers over temple communities.
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Cuneiform writing
involved wedge-shaped symbols pressed onto clay with a reed.
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Which of the following was not a form of written documentation from Mesopotamia?
instructions on mummification of bodies.
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The Epic of Gilgamesh
- recounts the adventures of Gilgamesh and his friend.
- describes the hero's efforts to attain immortality.
- explored relations between humans and the gods.
- contemplates the meaning of life and death.
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The religious beliefs of the Israelites after Moses included
monotheism.
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After the tenth century B.C.E., the Israelites experienced
- the division of the kingdom of Israel.
- conquest by the Assyrians.
- the destruction of Jerusalem by the New Babylonian empire.
- the return of deportees to Judea where they became known as Jews
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The Phoenicians
were prosperous based on their sea trade and commercial networks.
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According to the excerpt "Israelites" Relations with Neighboring Peoples,"
Solomon sent laborers to Hiram.
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Which of the following is not associated with the Phoenicians?
agriculture.
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Who first deduced the existence of an Indo-European culture?
nineteenth-century linguists.
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The key element in the expansion of the Indo-Europeans from their homeland was
horses.
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Which of the following was not an area to which the Indo-Europeans migrated?
east and southeast Asia.
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The Greek historian Herodotus proclaimed Egypt "the gift of the Nile" because, in his account,
the reliable rhythm of the Nile created fertile land, which supported a remarkably productive agricultural economy.
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Around 5000 B.C.E. the climate in northern Africa began to change by
getting hotter and drier.
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Which of the following is true of the Nile?
It used to flood very predictably.
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In contrast to Egypt, Nubian agriculture
required extensive preparation of the soil.
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Unification of Egyptian rule came about through the conqueror
Menes.
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The Egyptian pyramids
- were built during the Old Kingdom.
- served as royal tombs.
- are testimony to the power of the pharaoh.
- stand at Giza.
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Mummification, pyramids, and funerary rituals in ancient Egypt were extremely costly and troublesome. The customs prevailed for several thousand years because
Egyptians believed in an afterlife.
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In ancient Egypt, the largest pyramid was that of
Khufu.
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After the Hyksos invasion
the Egyptians adopted horses and chariots in their military.
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After the tenth century, the Kingdom of Kush
- conquered Egypt.
- established a capital at Napata.
- claimed the title of pharaoh.
- warred with the Assyrians.
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Which of the following was not an important city in ancient Egypt?
Meroë
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Unlike Egypt, Nubian society
saw many more women rulers.
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Technologically speaking, the Nile societies
- were slower to develop metallurgy than Mesopotamia was.
- learned iron metallurgy from sub-Saharan African cultures.
- developed systems of water transport like the sailboat.
- produced fine linen textiles.
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Which of the following is true of Egyptian writing?
It included hieroglyphic, hieratic, demotic, and Coptic scripts.
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All of the following were important Egyptian gods except
Sepiumeker.
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A significant difference between Nubian and Egyptian religion was that
Nubians did not mummify their dead.
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The original Bantu people
- spoke a language in the Niger-Congo family.
- settled mostly on the banks of rivers.
- came from what is now Nigeria.
- cultivated yams and palm oils.
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With regard to the Bantu migrations,
they placed pressure on the forest dwellers by moving inland.
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Iron metallurgy
helped the Bantu expand their agricultural land.
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Which of the following is associated with agricultural societies south of the Sahara?
- cultivation of yams, oil palms, and sorghum.
- herding sheep, cattle, pigs.
- age sets and initiation rites.
- monotheistic religions.
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Our understanding of Harappan society depends entirely on
archeological discoveries of Harappan physical remains above the water table.
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The inhabitants of Harappan society enjoyed a rich variety of diet. Their food included
wheat, barley, chicken, cattle, sheep, goats.
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In the sites of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, archeologists have found a high degree of standardization of weights, measures, architectural styles, and even brick sizes. Such standardization may suggest that
there might have been a central authority powerful enough to reach all corners of society.
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Archaeologists claim that there were sharp social distinctions in Harappan society, which can be illustrated by the people's
houses, ovens, and wells.
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Harappan religion reflected a strong concern for fertility. We know this because
of the similarities between the images of Harappan deities and the images of Hindu fertility deities.
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By about 1700 B.C.E., the residents of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro began to abandon their cities because
deforestation of the Indus River valley brought about ecological degradation.
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The Indo-Europeans who migrated to the Indian subcontinent
- were primarily herders.
- utilized horses for transportation.
- judged wealth by the number of cattle.
- called themselves Aryans
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The period of Indian history from 1500 to 500 B.C.E. is called the Vedic Age. It is so called because
the four earliest religious texts were compiled in this period.
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The Aryans' term for their four original castes was
varnas.
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The Indian caste system
was a central institution that served to promote social stability.
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One of the hymns in the Rig Veda offered a brief account of the origins of the four varnas (castes). It was said that
the four castes emanated from the four parts of Purusha when the gods sacrificed him
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Which of the following was evidence of the subordination of women to men in Aryan society?
- patrilineal descent
- the Lawbook of Manu.
- the practice of sati.
- women had no responsibilities for religious rituals.
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Aryan religion during the early Vedic Age was relatively unconcerned with ethics, but concerned itself more with
ritual sacrifices and the god of war.
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The Upanishads can be best characterized as
the blending of Aryan and Dravidian values.
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According to the teachings of the Upanishads, the highest goal of the individual soul was
to attain the state of moksha.
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According to the Upanishads,
- each person is part of a larger cosmic order.
- the highest goal of the individual is to escape the cycle of birth and rebirth.
- individuals who live virtuous lives and do their duty can expect rebirth into a purer form.
- ascetism and meditation are vehicles for escaping the cycle of birth and rebirth.
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In the Chandogya Upanishad, a man explained to his son how
the subtle essence of Brahman pervades everything.
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According to the teachings of the Upanishads, an individual should
observe high ethical standards like honesty, self-control, and charity.
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Believers in the Upanishads
- often are vegetarians.
- believe you should respect all living things, even animals and insects.
- believe that animals might be holding incarnations of unfortunate souls.
- humans should have compassion for the suffering of the souls in animals.
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