______ stimulates synthesis and release of corticosteroids and adrenocortical growth
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticotropin)
_____, the chief mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, maintains extracellular fluid volume.
Aldosterone
True or False.
Aldosterone promotes water & sodium and reabsorption and potassium excretion.
True
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are examples of _____.
Catecholamines
True or False,
T3 & T4 hormones increase metabolism, which causes an increase in oxygen use and heat production in all tissues.
True
What are some functions of thyroid hormones?
• Fetal development, particularly neural and skeletal systems
• Control metabolic rate of all cells
• Promote sufficient pituitary secretion of growth hormone and gonadotropins
• Regulate protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism
• Exert chronotropic and inotropic cardiac effects
• Increase red blood cell production
• Affect respiratory rate and drive
• Increase bone formation and decrease bone resorption of calcium
• Act as insulin antagonists
True or False
The presence of T4 and T3 directly regulates basal metabolic rate (BMR).
True
____ lowers serum calcium and serum phosphorus levels by reducing bone resorption (breakdown).
Calcitonin
_____ increases bone resorption (bone release of calcium into the blood from bone storage sites), thus increasing serum calcium.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
The main glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex is _____.
Cortisol
The release of glucocorticoids is regulated directly by the anterior pituitary hormone (1) and indirectly by the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (2) .
1. ACTH
2. CRH
____ is a hormone that increases blood glucose level.
Glucagon
______ which is secreted not only in the pancreas but also in the intestinal tract and the brain, inhibits the release of glucagon and insulin from the pancreas.
Somatostatin
How does insulin affect blood glucose level?
By enhancing glucose movement across cell membranes and into the cells of many tissues.
_____ is excessive thyroid hormone secretion from the thyroid gland
Hyperthyroidism
Name key features of hyperthyroidism
*Diaphoresis (excessive sweating)
*Fatigue
*Heat intolerance
*Manic behavior
*Decreased total WBC
*Tremors
*Insomnia
*Smooth, warm, moist, skin
*Tachycardia
*Weight loss
*Increased appetitie
*Muscle weakness/wasting
*Increased BMR
____ can occur when hyperthyroidism is untreated or poorly controlled or when the patient is severely stressed.
Thyroid storm/thyroid crisis
The cardiac problems of hyperthyroidism include increased ____, _____, & _____.
Systolic blood pressure, tachycardia, and dysrhythmias.
True or False.
The patient with hyperthyroidism often has wide mood swings, irritability, decreased attention span, and manic behavior.
True
_____ is a rare, serious complication of untreated or poorly treated hypothyroidism. The decreased metabolism causes the heart muscle to become flabby and the chamber size to increase.
Myxedema coma
Name key features of hypothyroidism.
Weight gain
Bradycardia
Decreased BMR
Cool, pale or yellowish, dry, coarse, scaly skin
Decreased hair growth, with loss of eyebrow hair
Poor wound healing
Enlarged heart
Decreased activity tolerance
Hypotension
Depression
Paranoia
True or False.
Anti-diuretic leads to increased fluid retention.
True
Excessive secretion after the closure of the epiphyses leads to _____.
Acromegaly
What is gigantism?
Excessive secretion before the closure of the epiphyses
True or False.
Syndrome of Inappropriate antidiurectic hormone (SIADH) leads to fluid retention, dilutional hyponatremia/low sodium & concentrated urine
True
Diabetes insipidus leads to _____ urine output.
Increased
____ is necessary for T4 & T3 hormone production.
Iodine
The ____ releases catecholamines.
Adrenal medulla
What disease process is shown in the figure below?
Cushing Syndrome
___ is a tumor of the adrenal medulla & it causes severe hypertension.
