-
Pelvic anatomy...
- Inferior to the abdominal region
- Perineum - region inferior to pelvic diaphragm and between thighs and buttocks
- Paired hip bones
-
The paired hip bones include...
- Ilium - largest; superior acetabulum
- Pubis - anterior acetabulum; anterior/medial
- Ischium - posterior (you sit on your ischial tuberosity)
- Sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae, 4 pair of foramen (sacral foramen); provides strength and stability to pelvis and transmits body weight to pelvic girdle
- Coccyx - 4 fused vertebrae (tailbone)
-
What is the one function of the sacral foramen?
The sacral foramen are needed to get nerves to the anterior aspect of the lower extremities
-
What are the landmarks of the pelvis?
- Iliac crest
- Anterior superior iliac crest (ASIC)
- Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
- Acetabulum
- Obturator foramen
- Ischial tuberosity
- Ischial spine
- Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
-
What are the functions of the pelvic landmarks?
- Protect organs (internal)
- Transmit forces (taking force from lower extremities and directing it up vertebral column)
- Muscle attachments
-
What is the lumbosacral joint?
The cartilaginous joint that articulates between the 5th lumbar vertebra (L5) and the 1st sacral vertebra (S1)
-
What is the sacroccygeal joint?
The cartilaginous joint that articulates between the 5th sacral vertebra (S5) and the 1st coccygeal vertebra (Co1)
- Ligaments:
- 1. Ventral sacrococcygeal ligament
- 2. Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament
-
What is the sacroiliac joint?
The joint that articulates between the sacrum and the ilium; it is strong due to the ligaments and the elevations and depressions of the bones (stabilizes and doesn't allow sliding); MAXIMUM stability and MINIMUM mobility
- Ligaments:
- 1. Ventral sacroiliac ligament
- Origin: Anterior sacrum
- Insertion: Anterior medial ilia crest
- 2. Sacrospinous ligament (adds stability to the SI joint)
- Origin: Inferior sacrum
- Insertion: Ischial spine
- 3. Sacrotuberous ligament
- Origin: Inferior sacrum
- Insertion: Ischial tuberosity
-
What is the pubic symphysis?
The cartilaginous joint between the pubic bones that contains triangulate cartilage (which is thicker in females for the childbirthing process)
- Ligaments:
- 1. Superior pubic ligament
- 2. Arcuate pubic ligament
- 3. Inguinal ligament (doesn't really stabilize because it doesn't cross over joint/ remains ipsilateral; mostly for division purposes)
- Origin: Pubic tubercle
- Insertion: ASIS
-
What 2 muscles form the pelvic diaphragm? What is the pelvic diaphragm's purpose?
- The levator ani and coccygeus
- It divides the pelvic cavity from the perineum
-
Levator Ani
Larger and paired
- Origin: Body of pubis
- Insertion: Coccyx
- Action: Support pelvic viscera; resist increase in intraabdominal pressure (childbearing and constipation); secondary - Raise pelvic floor while lifting heavy objects; support fetal head; voluntary control of urination
-
Coccygeus
- Origin: Ischial spine
- Insertion: Inferior end of the sacrum (secondary to coccyx)
- Action: Flex coccyx forward (when you sit down); support viscera
-
Piriformus
- Origin: Sacrum
- Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
- Action: External rotation of the hip; thigh AB-duction
*This muscle commonly gets REALLY tight*
-
What is the Valsalva Maneuver?
When someone holds their breath until they pass out
-
How many vertebrae are there total? In each region of the spine?
- 33 vertebrae total
- - 7 Cervical
- - 12 Thoracic
- - 5 Lumbar
- - 5 Sacral
- - 4 Coccygeal
-
What is "normal" vertebral curvature?
" PAPA"
- Cervical spine - concave posteriorly
- Thoracic spine - concave anteriorly
- Lumbar spine - concave posteriorly
- Sacrococcygeal spine - concave anteriorly
-
What is the anterior functional unit?
- Vertebral body - governs amount of spinal movement and provides attachment for muscles
- Intervertebral disc
- Anterior longitudinal ligament - runs on anterior aspect of all vertebral bodies
- Function - WEIGHT BEARING
-
What is the posterior functional unit?
- Vertebral arch - 2 parts: the pedicle and the lamina
- Posterior longitudinal ligament - posterior to vertebral bodies (on anterior aspect of foramen or posterior part of vertebral bodies)
- Function -
-
What are the 4 functions of the Vertebral Column?
- 1. Protect spinal cord
- 2. Support weight of body
- 3. Provide rigid yet flexible
- 4.
-
What is scoliosis?
- An abnormal curvature of the spine
- Lateral, often rotated or curved
- "S" or "C" shaped
- Results in hump on back caused by the rotation of the rib cage and spine
- Lean to one side , one shoulder higher, prominent shoulder blade
-
What is Lordosis?
- An abnormal curvature of the spine
- Excessive curve in lumbar spine (found often in overweight people due to excess weight on anterior)
- Forward pelvic tilt, weak abs
- Poor posture
- Found in swimmers and gymnasts as well
-
What is kyphosis?
- An abnormal curvature of the spine
- Excessive thoracic curve
- Roundback
- "Scheuermann's disease"
- Found often in older people
- Strengthen back and abs: stretch pectorals
-
What is spondylolysis?
- An abnormality characterized by stress fracture in the neck of the vertebra (pars interarticularis - where the pedicle and lamina meet)
- Can be congenital or acquired
- Mechanical stress - repeated spinal loading of lumbar spine in hyper extension (occurs in L4/L5 - 90% L5)
- "Scottie dog with collar"
- Occurs in football linemen and gymnasts
-
What is spondylolisthesis?
- An abnormality characterized by fracture of both sides of vertebra
- The vertebra slips forward (makes its so your spine can't absorb shock evenly = PAIN)
- "Decapitated scottie dog"
-
Cervical vertebrae
- Small body, longer from side-to-side, triangular foramen
- C1 = Atlas - KIDNEY shaped; no process or facets; supports skull
- C2 = Axis - 50% of cervical rotation; STRONGEST of cervical vertebrae; contains dens/odontoid process
- Bifrucated spinous processes
- Paired transverse foramen (ONLY place with transverse foramen)
- Gradually changes shape
- Most flexion allowed out of all vertebrae
- Lateral flexion is also great
-
Thoracic vertebrae
- Body is HEART shaped
- Smaller circular foramen
- Process: long, slender and slope posteriorly/inferiorly
- Gradual change
- Less mobile because discs are THINNEST, articulation with ribs, and long spinous processes
-
Lumbar vertebrae
- MASSIVE body; KIDNEY shaped
- Foramen is more triangular shaped
- Process - short and sturdy
- Most extension allowed of anywhere in vertebral column
- Rotation
- Lateral flexion is great
-
Sacrococcygeal vertebrae
- WEDGE shaped
- Smooth concave anterior (because organs have to sit against this aspect) / rough convex posterior
- 4 paired foramen for nerves to pass through (plexus)
-
-
-
|
|