Epidemiology Test 1

Patterns of disease or health in a population

• Upon, people, study
• Study of what is upon the people

Not fine or normal due to infection

• Infection- due to microbes
• Downs- other factors such as lifestyle

Lung infection (pneumonia)

• Heart disease
• cancer
• stroke

69.5%

• 1. Mexico
• 2. United States
• 3. New Zealand
• 4. UK

60-66%

• 1. Obesity
• 2. Hormones in Food
• 3. Chemicals in food packaging

• 1. Use of interdisciplinary approach
• 2. Use of the scientific method

• 1. Pandemic Influenza (Spanish Flu) 1918
• 2. The connection of cholera outbreaks with water sources by John Snow.
• 3. Eradication of smallpox.

A type of epidemiology that examines causal hypotheses regarding the association between exposures and health conditions.

Epidemiologic studies that are ocncerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population.

A factor or event that is capable of bringing about a change in the health status of a population. i.e. microbe.

The occurrence of diseases and other health outcomes varies in populations, with some subgroups of the population more frequently affected than others.

Occurrence of a disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy.

A shift in the pattern of moribidity and mortality from causes related primarily to infectious and communicable diseases to causes associated with chronic, degenerative disease.

Concerned with the distribution and determintants of health and disease, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations.

Contact with a disease-causing factor; the amount of the factor that impinges upon a group or individuals.

An Enligish anestisiologist who innovated epidemiologic methods to identify the source of a cholera outbreak.

Occurrence of an illness or illnesses in a population.

Occurrence of a death in a population.

A type of research design in which the experimenter does not control the manipulation of a study factor. The manipulation of the study factor is a result of natural phenomena or policies that impact heath.

A science that capitalizes on naturally occurring situations in order to study the occurrecne of disease.

A result that may arise form an exposure.

An epidemic that spans a wide geographic area, and crosses international borders.

All the inhabitants of a given country or area considered together.

• Primary- Prevention of the disease before it occurs.
• Secondary- Activities that limit the progression of disease
• Tertiary- Restoring optimal functioning in a patient

The probability that an event will occur; that an individual will become ill or die within a stated period of time or by a certain age.

Methodology to provide quantitative measurements of risks to health.

An exposure that is associated with a disease, morbidity, mortality, or adverse health outcome.

• Historical- Study the history and health of populations
• Community health- diagnose the health of the community
• Health Services- study the working of health services
• Risk assessment- Estimate individuals' risks of disease, accident or defect.
• Disease causality- Search for the causes of health and disease

• Greek authority departed from superstitous reasons for disease outbreak
• Wrote: On Airs, Waters, and Places
• Suggested disease might be associated with environmental factors

• 1346-1352
• Claimed 1/3 of the population of Europe (20-30 million)
• Caused by Y. pestis infection from flea bites
• Swollen lymph nodes, fever, necrosis of skin

• One of the founders of toxicology
• dose-response relationship
• notion of target organ specificity of chemicals

• published: 1. Natural and Political Observations Mentioned in a Following Index
• 2. Made Upon the Bills of Mortality
• First to employ quantitative methods
• Known as the Columbus of statistics

• Founder of the field of occupational medicine
• Authored De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (Disease of Workers)

• First person to describe environmental cause of cancer
• Observed that chimney sweeps had a high incedence of scrotal cancer

Developed a method for smallpox vaccination in 1796

Believed cholera was transmitted by contaminated water and was able to demonstrate this association

• Developed a more sophisticated system for codifying medical conditions
• Examined possible link between mortality rates and population density

Dmonstrated the association between a microorgansim and disease

• First cheif epidemiologist for the CDC
• Established EIS

• 1.The organism must be observed in every case of the disease
• 2. It must be isolated and grown in pure culture
• 3. The pure culture must, when inoculated into a susceptible animal, reproduce the disease
• 4. The organism must be observed in, and recovered from, the experimental animal

• Discovered penicillin in 1928
• Penicillin is derived from the mold Penicillium notatum
• It was available by the end of WWII

A shift from high birth and death rates in agrarian societies to much lower birth and death rates in developed countries.