Bio Midterm 2

The sun

autotroph

heterotroph

The process by which plants, and other autotrophs, convert energy from the sun into carbohydrates (sugars and straches)

• 6CO₂ + 6H₂O >(light & chlorophyll)> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
• Carbon Dioxide + Water yeilds(light & chlorophyll) Sugar + Oxygen

chloroplasts

stomata

guard cells

Thylakoid membrane

granum

The liquid surrounding the thylakoids

increases

Plants reflect green light, they don't absorb it

chemical compounds which reflect certain wavelengths

• 1. light reactions
• 2. dark reactions (light independent reactions)

• -occur in thylakoid membrane
• -light and water are required
• -4 protien complexes = photosystem I & II, cytochrome b6, and ATP synthase
• -energy storage molecules are formed (ATP and NADPH)
• -oxygen is a waste product

• 1. light strikes chlorophyll exciting electrons
• 2. electrons are transferred between photosystem I (generates NADPH) & II (generates ATP)
• 3. Water is split in the process creating oxygen

• -occur in stroma
• -carbon dioxide is made into the sugar glucose
• -ATP and NADPH power the production of glucose

• -amount of water
• -tempurature
• -amount of carbon dioxide
• -light intesnisty/wavelength (color)

the amount of energy needed to raise the temp. of 1 gram of water 1^oC

• measurment found in food labels
• -1 Cal = 1000 cal

the addition of a phosphate to ATP mamking ADP

• - electron carrier, hydrogen acceptor
• -carries energy from the bonds in glucose to the next step

site of cellualar respiration

• -fluid filled space
• -where reactions occur

-extensive folds in the inner membrane

process that releases energy by braking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen

requires oxygen

• C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ >> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy
• glucose + oxygen yields carbon dioxide + water + energy

• 1. glycolysis (no oxygen)
• 2. Kreb's cycle (citric acid cycle)
• 3. electron transport chain

process by which one molecule of glucose is split in half producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

• -takes place in cytoplasm
• -anaerobic
• -requires energy
• -end products = 2 pyruvic acids, 4 ATP (net gain of 2), 2 NADH

3

Fermentaion

• -allows Kreb's cycle to work
• -alternate pathway
• -does not require oxygen
• -2 types = alcohol fermentaion and lactic acid fermentaion

releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen

• -can't be proformed by animals
• -pyruvic acid + NADH >> alcohol +CO₂ + NAD⁺

-pyruvic acid + NADH >> lactic acid + NAD⁺

• -pyruvic acid is broken down into CO₂ in energy extracting reactions
• -aerobic
• -energy produced from = ATP, NADPH, and FADH₂(electron carrier)
• -end products = 2 ATP, CO₂, 8 NADH, 2 FADH₂

• -sieres of proteins on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
• -uses high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP
• -electron is passed from one protein to the next
• -at the end H⁺ ions combine with oxygen to form H₂0

Aerobic-3 pathways(slow), yeild 36 ATP molecules, usesd fro long term energy

Anaerobic-1 pathway(fast), yeilds 2 ATP molecules, used fro quick kburst of energy

one single cells

Groups of cells that work together

a change in form

process by which organisms break down of build up materials

photosynthesis and cellular respiration

• -means unable to be cut
• -smallest piece of an element
• -have 3 sub atomic particals = proton(+), electron(-), and nuetron(no charge)
• -protons and nutrons are held together by a strong force

A pure substance made of only one type of atom

number of protons in an atom of that element

Equal to the number of protons + nuetrons

• When some atoms of the same element contain a different number of nuetrons
• -isotops are named by their mass numbers

amount of electrons

• and unstable nucleus that decays at a constant rate over time
• -the isotopes mass number and atomic number are switched

• -most substances do not exist as a single element, they form compunds as they mix
• -only 90 elements are naturally occuring

• smallest unit of a comound that retains the element of the compound
• -properties are different then their component element

the ratios of different types of elements

share or exchange electrons on the outer most element

1 or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another by their atraction to make them more stable

• gaining or losing an electron
• -positive if they lose electrons
• -negative if they gain electrons

• the outter electrons are shared between atoms
• -usually occur between two non-metalic elements

• -a type of week intermolecule force(not a bond) that can hold molecules together
• -forms because electrons are not shared equally

Slight positive charge

• -not real bonds but a strong Van de Waal forces
• -the slight positive and negative charges attract surrounding molecules
• -gives water special properties

an attraction of molecules of the same substance

the attraction between molecules of a different substance

• two or more elements or compounds that are mixed together
• -not chemically combined

may not disolve but remain small

• acids = 0-7
• bases = 7-14

• add water to split something
• -opposite of condenstaion reaction

• -a large molecule made up of repeating subunits
• -polymer
• -formed through condenstaion reactions

• a huge molecule with many diverse funstions
• -contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
• -polymer structure

• -structure
• -oxygen transport
• -immune reactions
• -movement
• -catalysts

all protiens are not enzymes

• -sequence of amino acids (20 kinds)
• -held together by peptide bonds which are formed by taking away water

• -amino acid sequence coils to form a helix
• -helix held together by hydrogen bonds

• -3D shape (gobular structure)
• -helix folds on its self

then theres a Quadrinary structure

• -alters tertiary structure by braking hydrogen structures
• -destroys enzyme function

the amount of energy at each trophic level of a food web

Because the enegry transfer between each tropic level in inefficent and cant typically support organisms higher in the tropic levels

total amount of living tissue in each trophic level

• -not living
• -does not include carbon
• -example: rocks and minerals

• -carbon based
• -includes decomposed organisms and organisms waste products

• -other factors that influence organisms
• -example: temp., amount of sun, rainfall, etc.

• -bacteria produce ATP from iniorganic substances
• -plants use when there is no sun
• -example: plants at the bottom of the ocean

• -plant eating organisms
• -primary consumers

• -eat other animals
• -secondary consumers

-eat both plant and animal matter

-feed on plant and animal remains

• -heterotrophs which break down organic matter
• -make essential nutrience available
• -example: bacteria and fungi

• -matter can not be created or destroyed
• -matter can be transformed from one form to another

A series of inter-related foor chains

• -gaseous cycle
• -resevoir: atmosphere
• -processes: physical processes, change in state
• -STEPS
• -evaporation: return
• -precipitation: release
• -condensation: release
• -transpiration: return (evaporation from plants)
• -perspiration: return (evaporation from animals)

• -gaseous cycle
• -resevoir: atmosphere
• -processes: chemical
• -STEPS
• -photosynthesis: capture (CO₂ >> C₆H₁₂O₆)
• -respiration: return (C₆H₁₂O₆ >> CO₂)
• -decomposition: return (fats, proteins, carbs >> CO₂)
• -combustion: return (C + O₂ >> CO₂)

• -gaseous cycle
• -reservoir: atmosphere
• -processes: chemical
• -STEPS
• -nitrogen fixation*: capture
• -nitrification*: convert to useable form
• -assimilation: conversion to build molecules for oranisms
• -decomposition*: conversion
• -denitrification*: return
• * = processes use bacteria

a plant that has nitrogen-fixing bacteria on its roots, increasing the soils nitrogen content

• -sedimentary cycle
• -reservoir: soil, rocks, sediments
• -processes: physical and chemical
• -STEPS
• -decomposition: release phosphate from organic molecules to soil, chemical process
• -weathering & erosion: release phosphate through the wearing away of rocks, physical process
• -uplifting: expose phosphates through geological action or mix bottom sedimenets by currents, physical processes

Peas, beans, peanuts and clovers

The location of the resevoir

Innate ability to reproduce under ideal condtions

Anything which inhibits the growth of an organisms

Sum total of limiting factors

Maximum number of individuals that can be supported by a given habitat

• No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time
• -one species will always ise the resources more efficiently
• -that species will repoduce more
• -advantage leads to elimintaion of the weaker competion

The long-term relationship between two organisms in and ecosystem

Equal concentration, no net movement

More concentration

More water

Animal cell shrinks

Plant vacuole shrinks

Animal swells to burst

Vacuole fills to capacity

• -diffusion
• -osmosis
• -facilitated diffusion

• -movement from high to low concentration
• -used to move simple sugars and amino acids
• -move along the concentration gradient
• -passive process

• -move against concentration gradient
• -requires energy
• -3 types = protein pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis

• -requires protein carriers
• -against concentration gradient
• -used to conserve and move ions

• -used to bring larger substances into cell
• -forms vesicle(bubble) from cell mambrane
• -2 types = phagocytosis(cell eating) and pinocytosis(cell drinking)

• -used to release large molecules
• -requires energy