Pharmacology

What are 4 Principles for clinician when explaining drug effects to pt?

What is the science of molecular interactions between drugs and body constituents? (Drugs mechanism of action)

What is the use of pharmacologic agents to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease?

What is the movement of the drug through the body? (absorbtion, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)

What are some charachteristics of Drug receptors?

What is the site of action on cell surface or sith in the cell where the drug molecule acts to initiate an effect?

What are features that determine Receptors functions?

What are the 4 types of drug/receptor bonding?

What are the most common types of bonding between drugs/receptors?

What attraction require little energy and are made and broken easily.

What bond occur between atoms with opposite charges?

What bond occurs when + hydrogen binds to - atoms and is weak?

What bond is the strongest type of bond between a drug and its receptor, resulting from the sharing of electrons by two atoms?

Tetracycline binding to dentin and discoloring it is an example of what bond?

T/F
Affinity is when a drug molecule moves close to its receptor so the attractive forces between them becomes great enough to overcome the random motion if the drug molecule, the drug binds to the receptor. (Force of attraction of a molecule to a receptor site)
True False

Drugs with good affinity have greater ________.

What is the ability for a drug to cause an effect or action?

When a small dose of a drug produces desired effect->good affinity and good intrinsic activity

When a drug must be bound to many more recptors to produce the same effect->lower affinity and lower intrinsic activity

When a drug has affinity for receptor, but very low intrinsic activity?

What is the maximum response produced by a drug?

The dose above which no further benefical drug effect will occur is called what?

The lowest dose of a drug that will produce a measurable response is called what?

What is a drug that interferes with actions of agonist but have no effect in absence of agonist?

Antagonists can be classified into what?

T/F Receptor antagonist-can be reversible (competitive) or irreversible (non-competitive).
True False

Which agonist (either non-competitive/competitive antagonist) has affinity for a receptor but no efficacy, which reduces the potency of the agonist?

Which Non-receptor antagonist blocks activation pathway or inhibits the agonist directly?
(ex. Local anesthesia blocks sodium channels that promote depolarization of nerve fibers. Causing information about tissue damage not to be transmitted as pain to the brain)

Which Non-receptor antagonist activates pathways that oppose the action of the agonist?
(ex. Epinephrine overcomes effect of histamine on the blood vessel and it becomes constricted)

Which Non-receptor Agonist are drugs that have both agonistic and antagonistic properties. When used alone-agonist, but when used with another drug-antagonistic.

What are the 2 ways Receptors are classified by?

T/F Certain diseases or drugs taken long term or in large doses, may increase or decrease the number of receptor sites, making a tolerance to a drug so the former dose no longer is as effective.
True False

Dose required to produce desired response in 50% of individuals (ED50)

The dose that produces death in 50% of individuals?

_____ ____ _______ _____ indicates narrow dose range between minimal and maximal effects.

Used during drug development to identify safe, effective dose.
ratio of LD50 and ED50 (LD50/ED50)-Higher the numeric value the safer the drug

What is the movement of drugs through the body?

What properties influence movement across a biological membrane?

Small water-soluble substances may pass through channels or pores in cell membrane, but larger molecules can’t fit through, is call what?

To help cell reach equilibrium, the drug molecules hang out with high concentration to pass through to low concentration, is called what?

Two types of Specialized transport mechanism is what?

When a drug forms a complex with a component of cell on one side of membrane, then its carried though the membrane and released on the other side. (does not require energy or a concentration gradient.) Called what?

the movement of a drug molecule across membranes against concentration gradient and an electrochemical gradient.-Requires Energy because no one is helping it.

What the factors influencing the rate of absorption of drugs?

T/F Polar, ionized, water soluble drugs will diffuse across membrane more readily than non-polar, non-ionized, lipid soluble drugs.
True False

Coating that delay the drug to be dissolved and absorbed until it has past the stomach and reached the upper small intestines?

What are organs with significant blood flow? (x3)

The administration of a drug though the GI tract by either mouth or rectal?

The administration of a drug by bypassing the GI tract, usually by injection, but also by inhalation, topical?

What are 3 types of Injections?

*Accurate and immediate deposition of drug into circulation, bypassing absorption phase
*Most predictable ROA, used in emergencies
*Once injected-no recall (less safe than oral)
*Injection site reactions possible

*Rate of absorption into blood stream is slow and sufficiently constant to produce sustained effect. (ex. Local anesthetic in dentistry, insulin)
*Potential complications: local tissue irritation by sloughing, necrosis, and pain

*Rapid absorption of aqueous solutions into the bloodstream
*Substances too irritating for IV or SC may be given IM
*Deltoid or Gluteal muscles

*Sublingual
*Transdermal patch-continued slow release of drug
*Locally applied antimicrobial agent (Arestin)

T/F
Liver, kidneys, heart, and CNS absorb drugs within minutes.
T/F
Excess body fat stores drugs, slows effect

Plasma Protein Binder _______ reduce the availability of drugs for diffusion into target organs because only the free or unbound drug is capable of crossing membranes.

Where does the majority of drug metabolism occur?

What is the most common and important of drug elimination from the body?

_____________ prepares molecule, and the ______ eliminates it via urination

___-___ is the time it takes for half the drug to be removed from the body.

How many half-lives does it take to approximately remove a drug from the body?

______-____ ___________ is a plateau level of drug that accumulates after multiple doses in timed intervals.

____-_____ ________: constant amount eliminated per unit of time
(ex. Alcohol-the enzymes that metabolize the drug are saturated and cannot absorb more drug-resulting in a constant amount of drug being metabolized per unit of time)