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Science
organized way to use evidence to learn about the natural world.
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Observation
gathering information using the 5 senses.
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Data
information gathered during observation or experimentation.
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Inference
a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience.
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Hypothesis
proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations and must be proposed in a way that enables them to be tested.
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Theory
as evidence from numerous investigations builds up, a particular hypothesis may become well supported.
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Spontaneous Generation
the idea that life could arise from non-living matter.
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Metabolism
the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life proces.
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Homeosatsis
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment.
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Biology
The science that seeks to understand the living world.
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Metric System
a decimal system of measurement whose units are based on certain physical standards.
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Atom
Basic unit of matter.
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Nucleus
center of the atom.
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Electron
in constant motion in the space around nucleus.
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Element
more than 100 known. Represented by letter symbol.
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Compound
substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions.
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Ion
- or + charged atoms differ in electrons.
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Covalent Bond
forms when electrons are shared between atoms.
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Molecule
smallest unit of most compounds.
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pH Scale
measurement system to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solutions.
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Acid
any compound that forms H+ ions in solution.
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Base
compound that produces hydroxide ions in solutions.
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Monomer
small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers.
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Polymer
large compound formed from combinations of many monomers.
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Carbohydrate
compound made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1.
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Monosaccharide
single sugar molecule.
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Lipid
made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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Nucleic Acids
macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.
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Protein
macromolecule that contains nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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Amino Acid
proteins are polymers of molecules.
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Catalyst
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
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Enzyme
protein that act as biological catalysts.
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Solutions
components are evenly distributed throughout the solution.
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Suspensions
mixtures of water and nondissolved materials.
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Active Transport
energy requiring proccess that moves materials across a cell membrane against a concentration difference.
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Passive Transport
the moving of materials across the cell membrane.
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Autotroph
organisms (plants) that make their own food.
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Heterotrophs
organisms that gain energy from the food they consume.
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ATP
one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy.
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Photosynthesis
process where plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates-sugars + starches- and oxygen, a waste product.
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Pigments
light absorbing molecule.
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Chlorophyll
principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms, captures light energy.
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G1 Phase
most of cell growth.
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S Phase
chromosomes replicated and synthesis of DNA.
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G2 Phase
many organelles and molecules are produced for division.
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Prophase
centrioles seperate, spindle forms, nuclear envelope breaks down.
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Metaphase
chromosomes line up in center. Spindle fiber to chromosomes, to centromere.
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Anaphase
sister chromatids seperate.
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Telophase
two new nuclear envelopes form around new chromosomes.
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Cytokinesis
- cytoplasm pinches in half.
- In plants, cell plate.
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Puberty
period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during which the reproductive system becomes fully functional.
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Scrotum
external sac containing the testes.
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Seminiferous Tubule
one of hundreds of tiny tubules in the testes in which sperm are produced.
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Epididymis
structure in male reproductive system in which sperm fully mature and are stored.
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Fertilization
male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell.
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Placenta
organ in placental mammals through which nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and wastes are exchanged between embryo and mother.
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Blastocyst
a hollow structre with an inner cavity.
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Heterozygous
two different alleles for the same trait.
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Homozygous
two identical allels for a particular trait.
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Dominant
an allele that is more influential.
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Recessive
the less influential allele.
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Hybrid
offspring of a cross of parents with different traits.
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Codominance
both allele attribute to the phenotype.
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Multiple Alleles
3 or more alleles of the same.
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Incomplete Dominance
one allele is not completely dominant over the other.
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Polygenic Trait
traits controlled by 2 or more genes.
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