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Facial nerve emerges from what foramen?
Stylomastoid
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Maxillary branch (V2) of the trigeminal nerve goes through what foramen?
Foramen rotundum
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Mandibular branch (V3) of the trigeminal nerve goes through what foramen?
Foramen ovale
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Middle meningeal artery goes through what foramen?
Foramen spinosum
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What vessels form the circle of Willis?
Posterior cerebral, posterior communicating, internal carotid (turn into middle cerebral), anterior cerebral, anterior communicating
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Where do the Posterior cerebral arteries originate?
Basilar artery
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Where do the Anterior and Middle cerebral arteries originate?
Internal carotid artery
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What nerves run in the cavernous sinus?
CN III, CNIV, CN V1 and V2
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What is the main action of the masseter muscle?
close the jaw
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What is the main action of the tmeporalis muscle?
Elevates mandible, and retracts mandible
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Action of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
Opens jaw, depresses chin, swings jaw from side to side, produces larger lateral chewing motions
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Action of the medial pterygoid?
Acts with masseter to eleveate mandible and protrudes jaw
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Where does the facial vein drain?
Internal jugular vein
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What nerves runs along the posterior aspect of the thryoid gland?
recurrent laryngeal
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What is the usual source of epidural bleeding?
Arterial
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What is th usual source of subdural bleeding?
venous
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Where do the cranial sinuses drain into?
Internal jugular vein
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What glands are on the posterior apect of the thyroid gland?
Parathyroid glands
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Facial nerve courses through what structure?
Parotid gland
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Knife wound near the anterior surface of anterior scalene muscle would injur what nerve?
Phrenic
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Thyroidectomy, attempting to ligate the superior thyroid arteries, the nerve that courses close to this artery is:
External laryngeal nerve
- Which is infrahyoid muscle that is innervated by branches of the ansa cervicalis:
- Sternohyoid
- Which would normally be found in the carotid sheath
- Internal jugular vein (sympathetic trunk is closley related, not inside)
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Accessory nerve to the right SCM injured by gunshot, most likely finding of what motor deficit?
Weakness in turning head to the left
- During surgery to thyroid gland, the surgeon should be concerned about damaging a structure that is located close to the posterior aspect of the gland, what structure:
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve
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What are the content of the carotid sheath?
Internal jugular vein, external carotid artery, vagus nerve
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What are the infrahyoid muscles?
Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, Thyrohyoid, Omohyoid (superior and inferior bellies)
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What are the suprahypid muscles?
Mylohyoid, DIgastric (anterior and posterior bellies), Stylohyoid
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What nerves traverse the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Accessory nerve to the trapezius and the brachial plexus can be seen between anterior and posterior scalene
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Function of Suprahyoid muscles
pull the hyoid up, larynx goes with it
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Function of Infrahyoid muscles
depress the hyoid-laryngeal apparatus
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What is th eorigin of ansa cervicalis?
C1-C3 of cervical plexus
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What nerve courses with the ansa cervicalis for part of its length?
Hypoglossal
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What is the origin of te phrenic nerve?
C3,4,5
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What gives main blood suply for the face and neck?
External carotid artery
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What is the main blood supply to the thyroid gland?
inferior thyroid artery (from thyrocervical trunk) and superior thyroid artery (from external carotid artery)
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What does the cervical plexus provide innervation for?
sensory to skin on neck and head, supra and infrahyoid muscles, deep neck muscles, phrenic nerve and ansa cervicalis
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Where is the retropharyngeal space?
in front of prevertebral fascia
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Maxillary artery
enters skull through foramen spinosum, supplies the cranial dura mater (branch from maxillary artery)
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Facial Nerve (CN VII)
Enters skull through stylomastoid foramen
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Cavernous sinus
located in middle cranial fossa lateral to body of sphenoid recieves superior ophthalmic vein and sphenoparietal sinus
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Straight sinus
formed by the union of inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein
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Supraclavicular nerves
from C3, C4
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Carotid sheath
fascial compartment contains internal jugular vein, common/internal carotid artery, vagus nerve, some deep cervical lymph nodes, and the inferior root of an ansa cervicalis
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Anterior triangle
Bounded by the anterior cervical midline, inferior border of the mandible, and sternocleidomastoid
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Submandibular triangle
Bordered by the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric and the inferior border of the mandible- hypolgossal nerve courses deep in this triangle
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Carotid triangle
Bordered by the posterior belly of the digastric, superior belly of the omohyoid, and the upper part of sternocleidomastoid, contains external carotid artery
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Muscular triangle
bordered by the superior belly of the omohyoid, anterior cervical midline, and the lower part of sternocleidomastoid; contains the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid muscles
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Submental triangle
bordered by the anterior bellies of the digastric and body of the hyoid
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Posterior triangle
Bordered by SCM, clavicle, anterior border of trapezius; accessory nerve descends across the triangle on levator scapulae
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Innervation of Sternocleidomastoid
Accessory nerve
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Action of SCM
laterally flexes head and neck and rotates head and neck to opposite side
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Infrahyoid muscles
sternohyoid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid
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Innervation of infrahyoid muscles
ansa cervicalis
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Suprahyoid muscles
stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid
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Stylohoid innervation
facial nerve
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Digastric innervation
posterior belly of facial nerve, anterior belly of nerve to mylohyoid, branch of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
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Mylohyoid innervation
nerve to mylohyoid
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Action of suprahyoid muscles
elevation of hyoid, larynx, phraynx, motions used for vocalization and deglutition, assist in opening mouth when hyoid is fixed by infrahyoid muscles
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Branches of the External Carotid Artery
Superior thryoid, lingual, facial, TERMINAL BRANCHES: Maxillary and superficial temporal arteries
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Vertebral artery
Branches off subclavian, ascends to the angle between scalenus anterior and longus colli, and then traverses the transverse foramina of the upper six cervical vertebrae
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Branches of subclavian artery
Vertebral, internal thoracic, thyrocervical trunk
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Inferior thyroid artery
Branch off thyrocervial trunk ascends along the medial border of scalenus anterior, posterior to the carotid sheath, and then loops inferiorly to the thyroid gland
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Blood supply to thyroid gland
superior thyroid artery (from external carotid) and inferior thyroid artery (from thyrocervical trunk)
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Venous drainage of thyroid gland
internal jugular vein (via superior and middle thyroidvein) and brachiocephalic vein (via inferior thyroid vein)
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Lymphatic drainage of thyroid gland
Deep cervical lymph nodes
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Action of Masseter Muscle
elevation of mandible
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Innervation of Masseter muscle
masseteric nerve (branch of mandibular nerve from CNV, trigeminal)
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Mandibular nerve
branch of trigeminal (only branch that has motor fibers)
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Branches of the trigeminal nerve (CNV)
opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular provide cutaneous innervation of the face
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Action and Innervation of Temporalis
elevation and retraction of the mandible innervated by the anterior an dposterior temporal nerves (branches of mandibular nerve)
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What nerve does sensory and motor for the larynx?
VAGUS!
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What is the main blood supply to the larynx?
Superior thyroid artery
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What symptom results from improper vbration of the vocal folds?
Hoarseness
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Arytenoid cartilages
sit on the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage
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Cricoid cartilage
ring of cartilage below throid cartilage, gets thicker posteriorly
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What vessel does the superior thyroid artery branch off of?
external carotid
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What vessell does the inferior thyroid artery branch off of?
thyrocervical trunk (branch from the subclavian)
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What does the vocalis muscle do?
part of vocal fold, acts to produce sounds
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What nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?
external laryngeal
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Action of posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
abduction of vocal fold
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Action of lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
adduction of vocal ligaments
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