the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge, expertise, or experience
Closed systems
systems that can sustain themselves without interacting with their environments
Contingency approach
holds that there are no universal management theories and that the most effective management theory or idea depends on the kinds of problems or situations that managers are facing at a particular time and place
Gantt chart
a graphic chart that shows which tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task
Integrative conflict resolution
an approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties deal with the conflict by indicating their preferences and then working together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both
Motion study
breaking each task or job into its separate motions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive
Open systems
systems that can sustain themselves only by interacting with their environments, on which they depend for their survival
Organization
a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces created by two or more people
Rate buster
a group member whose work pace is significantly faster than the normal pace in his or her group
Scientific management
thoroughly studying and testing different work methods to identify the best, most efficient way to complete a job
Soldiering
when workers deliberately slow their pace or restrict their work outputs
Subsystems
smaller systems that operate within the context of a larger system
Synergy
system
Time study
timing how long it takes good workers to complete each part of their jobs