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prefixes for the first 12 alkanes
meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-, hept-, oct-, non-, dec-, undec-, docec-
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5 steps to name alkanes (IUPAC rules)
- 1.find longest chain
- 2.number chain, lowest set of numbers is obtained for substituents
- 3.name and alphabetize the substituents
- 4.assign number to each substituents
- 5.complete the name
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in case of "en-ol" which carbon receive the lowest number
carbon with -OH
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whats a diol
alkane with 2 -OH
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in "en-one" which carbon gets lowest number
carbon with the carbonyl
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common name for methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid
formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid
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structure isomer
same chem formulas, different atomic connectivities
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stereoisomer
differ only in spatial arrangement of their atom
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order n-butane according to energy level (low to high): gauche, anti, eclipsed, totally eclipsed
anti, gauche, elipsed, totally eclipsed
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the 3 cyclic hexane conformers (lowest to highest energy)
chair,twisted chair, boat
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geometric isomers
differ in spatial relationship of substituents around a double bond
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racemic mixture
equal amount of both enantiomers
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what is the hybridization in CH4? whats the bond angle?
sp3, 109.5o
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how does increasing molecule weight affect the boiling point and melting point of an alkane
increase them
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how does increase branching affect the boiling point of alkane
lower it
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3 steps of halogenation
initiation, propagation, termination
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what are products of complete combustion of an alkane
CO2, H2O, heat
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how does basicity affect strength of nucleophile
increase it
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steps of Sn1 rxn
1.molecule dissociates into carbocation and leaving group
2.nucleophile combines with the carbocation
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(t/f) rate of Sn1 rxn depends on concentration of nucleophile
false, it depends only on the original molecule's concentration
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how can Sn1 rate be increased?
1.stabilize the carbocation by increasing substitution and using a highly polar solvent
2.use a better leaving group
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how does basicity affect the nature of a leaving group
weaker the base, the better the leaving group
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(t/f) Sn1 rxn involving a chiral substrate produce an optically active mixture
false, a racemic mixture results during Sn1 rxn
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Sn1 or Sn2 favored in:
1.polar protic solvent
2.polar aprotic solvent
3.methyl or 1o alkyl halide
4.3o alkyl halide
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cis or trans has higher melting point? boiling point?
- trans higher melting point due to its symmetry
- cis higher boiling point due to its polarity
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(t/f)reduction of an alkye on a metal surface (Pd) result in a cis alkene
false, it results in an alkane
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follow Markovnikov's Rule in electrophilic addition of HBr? in free radical addition of HBr?
electrophilic follows
free radical does not
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what is Huckel's rule? whats anti-aromatic compound?
aromatic compounds has 4n+2 pi electrons
anti-aromatic has 4n pi electrons
n is positive integer
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difference between phenyl and benzyl group
a benzene ring as a substituent- phenyl
a toluene as a substituent- benzyl
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does electron donating group activate or deactivate an aromatic ring? how about electron withdrawing group?
donating- activate
withdrawing- deactivate
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