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Define homeostasis.
Maintenance of a relatively constant environment
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Define atom.
the basic structural unit of matter
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What is the smallest unit of life?
A cell
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Define molecule.
two or more combined atoms
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Are elements subatomic particles?
No
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What constitutes a species?
- made up of a closely related population
- interbreed freely under natural conditions, but do not interbreed with other species
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What is the ultimate source of energy?
the sun
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What makes up an ecosystem?
all the organisms and their nonliving environment within a defined area
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Know the properties of living things.
- Complex and Organized
- Grow and Reproduce
- Respond to Stimuli
- Acquire and Use Materials and Energy
- Use DNA to Store Information
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Define Eukaryotic.
Cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles
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Autotroph and Heterotroph
- autotroph - self feeder, usually photosynthetic
- heterotroph - other feeder, eats other organisms
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Define creationism
all species on Earth were created in their present form by a supernatural being
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Steps of scientific method
- Observation
- Question
- Hypothesis
- Prediction
- Experiment or Observation
- Conclusion
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Define hypothesis.
a supposition based on previous observations that is offered as an explanation to an observation and is used as the basis for experimentation
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Know how many electrons the shells of elements can hold.
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Atomic Number
number of protons in an element
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Isotope
atom with a different number of neutrons
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Compound
a combination of atoms of different elements
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Ionic and Covalent Bonds
- ionic - electrical attraction between oppositely charged ions (weak)
- covalent - shared electrons bond atoms (strong)
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An acid is what kind of donor?
H+
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PH scale
- values from 0 to 14 used to measure acidity
- 0-7 = acidic
- 7 = neutral (water)
- 7-14 = basic
- each number equals a ten-fold change
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Buffer
substance that maintains a solution at a constant pH by accepting or releasing H+
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Are household cleaning products acid or base?
base
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What do you get when an acid and base are combined?
Pure water
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Ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in Carbohydrates.
1:2:1
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Glycogen
Long, branched polymer of glucose stored by animals in muscles and liver
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Cellulose is found in?
cell wall of plants
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What is good cholesterol?
Cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein packets (HDL)
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Examples of where or what you might find proteins in.
plasma membranes, blood, hair, horns, silk
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Parts of a nucleotide?
- five-carbon sugar
- phosphate group
- nitrogen-containing base
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What element do proteins have that no other macromolecule has?
sulfur
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Define Active Transport
using energy to move materials across a membrane
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Activation energy
energy needed to force the electron shells of reactants together before the formation of products
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Modern Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells
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Lysosome
membrane-bound organelle containing intracellular digestive enzymes
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What does the cell do in a hypertonic solution?
shrivel up
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Define phagocytosis
endocytosis where extensions of a plasma membrane engulf extracellular particles and transport them into the cell
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Mitochondria
organelle bound by two membranes that is the site of the reactions of aerobic metabolism
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ATP
- adenosine triphosphate, molecule composed of sugar ribose, base adenine, and three phosphate groups
- usable form of energy - major energy carier in cells.
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Diffusion
net movement of particles from high to low concentration
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DNA- blueprint of life
- deoxyribonucleic acid
- used to store information
- made of genes
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Golgi Complex
stack of membraneous sacs, found in most eukaryotic cells, that's the site of processing and separation of membrane components
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Why do animals need cholesterol?
component of cell membranes
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The building blocks of proteins.
amino acids
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There are how many necessary amino acids?
20
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Define energy
the ability to do work
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Largest component of the cytoskeleton
microtubules
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Potential and Kinetic Energy
- potential - stored energy, normally chemical
- kinetic - energy of movement (heat, light, mechanical movement, and electricity)
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know the make up of cell membranes.
phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, proteins (recognition, receptor, and transport)
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What are the individual sacs of chloroplasts called?
thylakoids
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Endocytosis
process where plasma membrane engulfs extracellular material forming membrane-bound sacs that enter the cytoplasm
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