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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(WAIS)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(WISC)
- most widely used IQ tests
- items organized into various subtests
- verbal and performance scores combined
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validity
the test measures what it is supposed to measure
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reliability
refers to consistency: one persons score should be the same on one test as when they take a similar test at a later time
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Problems of IQ tests
- don't measure innate abilities or natural intelligence
- should not be used to label people
- there is cultural bias
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cultural bias
the wording of questions and experiences on which the questions are based are more familiar to members of some social groups than to others
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nonintellectual factors
noncognitive factors, such as attitude, experience, and emotional functioning, that may help or hinder performance on tests
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reward/pleasure center
includes several areas of the brain, and involves several neurotramsmitters, especially dopamine.
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fixed action pattern
innate biological force that predisposes an organism to behave in a fixed way in the presence of a specific environmental condition
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drive reduction
some physiological need occurs that creates a state of tension which in turn motivates you to reduce the tension or satisfy the need
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paraphilia
sexual deviations characterized by sexual fantasies involving nonhuman objects, such as sexual attractions to particular articles of clothing
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universal emotional expressions
specific inherited patterns or expressions that signal specific feelings or emotional states, such as smiling signalling a happy state
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lie detector (polygraph) tests
based on the theory that, if a person tells a lie, he or she will feel some emotion, such as guilt or fear. Feeling guilty or fearful will be accompanied by involuntary physiological responses.
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- biological needs are placed at the bottom and social needs at the top
- we satisfy our biological needs before our social needs
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instincts
innate tendencies or biological forces that determine behavior
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extrinsic motivation
engaging in certain activities or behaviors that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain incentives or external rewards
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intrinsic motivation
engaging in certain activities or behaviors because the behaviors themselves are personally rewarding or because engaging in these activities fulfills our beliefs or expectations
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sexual preference
refers to whether a person is sexually aroused primarily by members of his or her own sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes
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nature-nurture question
- asks how hereditary or genetic factors interact with environmental factors in the development of a person's intellectual, emotional, personal, and social abilities
- both equate to 50% of influence for intelligence, however can vary 10-15 points depending on how heredity interacts with different environments
- identical twins vs. fraternal twins
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raising IQ scores
- intervention programs-help disadvantaged kids from low socioeconomic classes
- raises IQ scores because it exposes kids to more of the types of information on IQ tests
- usually shows an increase in IQ by at least 10 points
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3 categories of mental retardation and prognosis for each
- 1.) mild mental retardation
- IQs from 50 to 70 (85%)
- can master simple occupational skills
- 2.)moderate mental retardation
- IQs from 35 to 55
- can learn to become partially indepent if they are in a family or self-help setting
- 3.)severe/profound mental retardation
- IQs from 20-40 (5%)
- require considerable supervision their entire lives
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underachievers
- score relatively high on tests of ability or intelligence but perform more poorly than their scores would predict
- researchers found that its not related to economic class
- have poor self-concept, low self-esteem, can be shy, or depressed
- may have a fear of failure and lack motivation
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major eating disorders and treatment programs available
- anorexia nervosa
- refusing to eat and not maintaining weight at 85% of what is expected
- risk factors include dysfunctional families that want perfection, being very anxious, rigid and compulsive
- psychological treatments have limited success
- drugs have not been too useful
- family therapy has had more of an effect
- only 30% make fulll recovery, 25% have chronic recurrent symptoms, 5% die from starvation or suicide
- Bulimia nervosabinge-eating episodes, regularly engaging in vomiting, use of laxatives to lose weight
- risk factors of pressure to become slim, excessive concern about body image/weight
- psychotherapy and drug treatment (antidepressants)
- 50% recover fully
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Three hunger factors and how weight is regulated
- psychosocial
- eating at certain times or when stressed
- cultures that you eat everything on the plate
- genetic
- we can inherit genes "big boned"
- we have a genetically fixed set point
- biological
- rate of metabolism
weight is regulated by our diet intake of food and exercise
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