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How many pairs of spinal typical motor and sensory nerves are there
29 excluding the first and the last spinal nerves which are atypical
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How is the first cervical nerve different
It is purely motor, has no dorsal root ganglion, and has both somatic and viceral motors.
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How is the first coccygeal nerve different
It is purely sensory with no motor root
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What is the lower limit of the dural sac
S2
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What is the Filum Terminale Externum
A continuation of the spinal chord to Coccyx 2
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Efferent means
Away from something
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General Somatic Efferent (GSE)
Motor Striated muscle
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General Somatic Afferent (GSE)
Sensory from striated muscle, skin, or joints
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General Viseral Efferent (GVE)
Motor to smooth muscle and glands
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General Visceral Afferent (GVA)
Sensory form smooth muscles and internal organs
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How is the Somatic (voluntary) different from the Visceral (Involuntary) nerve arrangement
Somatic (Voluntary) has one neuron between the CNS and the muscle, or organ. The Visceral (involuntary) always has two.
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What is another name for the sympathetic nervous system
ThoracoLumbar because this is where it originates T1-L2 in the lateral horn
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Another name for the parasympathetic is the
Craniosacral C3, 7, 9, 10; S 2, 3, 4
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Where can you find the lateral aka intermediate horn of the spinal chord
Between T1-L2 and S2-S4
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In the thoracic region the lateral horn is composed of
Preganglionic Sympathetic neurons
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In the S2-4 the lateral horn contains
Preganglionic Parasympathetic neurons
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Cell bodies for the somatic and visceral neurons are located
In the Dorsal Root Ganglion
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Why does referred pain occur
Pain from a visceral structure is referred to a somatic area becuase of their proximity in the DRG
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Another name for Visceral nerve
Splanchnic
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The Enteric Nervous system consists of what organs
The GI system, salivary glands, and such
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Cranial ten nerve is also known as the
Vegas nerve
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Sympathetic effects what functions
- Fight or flight, Increase heart rate, dialates airways, muscular strength is increased, palms sweat, pupils dialate, hair stands on end
- Additionally, it slows down less important functions
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Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic system
Spinal chord
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What type of fibers are not found in the spinal nerves, and what can we infer from this info
There are no parasympathetic fibers therefore there are no parasympathetic fibers in the limbs and body wall
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What is the grey matter composed of
Motor neurons, Interneurons, Blood vessels, and supporting cells (Glial)
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What is in the white matter
Descending motor fibers, ascending sensory axons, all of which are encased in myelin sheaths
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Where can you find the lateral and intermediate horns of the spinal chord
T1-L2 and S2-S4
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What are the operational differences between the dorsal horn, and the ventral horn of the spinal chord
The dorsal horn intervates sensory function, and the ventral horn intervates motor function
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All sensory fibers must return to the same site as their
Motor fibers
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Where are all of the cell bodies of for sensation from the somatic and visceral structures
In the DRG
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What is the largest controller to the ANS
The hypothalmus and the Brain stem
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Where is the ganglian Impar, and what is it
It is located at the midline of the coccyx, and is the the fusion of the paravetebral nerves
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Every spinal nerve has ----------- but never----------- fibers
sympathetic, parasympathetic
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Are the pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves short or long
They can be either mostly short
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Where are the short pre gang. sympathetic fibers found
From the CNS to the Paravertebral ganglia
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Where are the long pre gang. symp. fibers found
CNS-Prevertebral
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When are the PS fibers long
Always!! Because they want to be closer to the organ being innervated
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How are the Vegus nerve (C10) fibers nerve different
The extend to the organ to be innervated instead of just prior to. The only PS nerve to do that
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What are the symptoms of Horners syndrome (whiplash to cervical sympathetic chain)
- Drooping of eyelid (Ptosis)
- Flushed face
- Lack of sweat (Anhidrosis)
- Constricted pupil (PS-SP)
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Any fiber that exits medially from the sympathetic chain is a
Splanchnic (visceral), and feeds the visceral organs
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What are the three major functions of the ANS
- Vasomotor- Vasculature
- Sudomotor- Sweat Glands
- Pilomotor- Hair follicle
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Does the sympathetic constrict or dilate blood vessels
Constrict
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What is the primary function of the ANS
To maintain homeostasis
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ANS is a branch of what nervous system
Peripheral
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Pre ganglionic SNS release
ACh
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Post ganglionic nerves of the SNS release what to the target organs
Epi, Norepi, and ACh (Only in the sweat glands)
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What is the exception of the Post ganglionic sympathetic nerves releasing ACh instead of Norepi, or Epi
The sweat glands get ACh
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Sympathetic includes what spinal nerves
T1-L2 (Thoraco-lumbar)
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PNS includes what nerves
C3, C7, C9, C10 (vegus), S2-S4, (Cranio-Sacral)
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PNS only release what neuro transmitter
ACh
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How is the Adrenal Medulla a modified ganglia
SNS nerves provide input to specialized cells (Chromaffin cells) that release Norepi and epi directly into the blood stream
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What are the chromaffin cells resposible for
Synthesis of Norepi and Epi, when stimulated release them directly to the blood stream (80% Epi, 20% Norepi)
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Cholinergic is a term denoting
Ach transmitter and receptor team in the ANS
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Cholinergic receptors are
- Nicotinic (pre-gang SNS and PNS)
- Muscaranic (Tissue of PNS and sweat glands of SNS)
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The SNS and PNS neurons are myelinated where
Pre gang
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Adrenergic receptors work with what neurotransmitters
NE and Epi (Alpha and Beta)
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Dromotrophy
Conduction velocity
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Lusitrophy
Relaxation rate of myocytes
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Pheochromocytoma is
Tumor of the adrenal medulla, causes exaggerated palpitations, tachycardia, pallor, headaches vomiting, sweating, anxiety, nervousness, weightloss, heat tolerance, and excessive blood pressure
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Raynaud syndrome
Constriction of the vessels in the fingers or toes, causing pain and can lead to tissue necrosis. Made worse by stress and cold
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The visceral nerves belong to what division of the ANS
Sympathetic
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There are no PNS fibers in what
The spinal nerves, they may arise from, but they are not in them
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