AP Euro 4

Economic theory of maintaining balance of exports and imports. The opposite of socialism and communism.

Urban growth during the agricultural revolution. It dealt with the migration from rural to urban areas.

Betterment of the community. Founded by Rousseau, he felt that the will of the people determines a country's course in economics and politics.

(1697-1764) - English painter. Marriage à la Mode (1745) and The Harlot’s Progress (1732).

Written by Buffon, discussed scientific matters.

Opponents of mercantilism and Colbertism in particular. Led by François Quesnay. Felt the need for a strong independent republic.

(1723-1790) Scottish professor of philosophy. Developed the idea of free enterprise, critical of mercantilism. Wrote Wealth of Nations.

(1674-1741) - English inventor advocated the use of horses instead of oxen. Invented the seed drill (1701?), selective breeding and the idea of using manure.

18th century English movement, marked the rise of market oriented estate.

(1717-1783) coeditor of the Encyclopedie.

Paper currency, the French churches were used as collateral -the first French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

Comfortable members of the 3rd estate. Basically middle class, wanted the privileges of the nobility and upper clergy.

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Led by "Gracchus" Babeuf an attempt to renew violent rebellion after the Thermidore reaction,-communistic.

Form of government which followed the directory -established by Napoleon-ended when Napoleon was crowned emperor.

The third estate of the Estates General -broke from the Estates because they wanted the Estates to sit as a committee and not as segregated groups.

Led the Mountains with Robespierre-also executed with Robespierre.

(1748-1825) Napoleon’s painter: painted in the neoclassical style. He painted the famous portrait of Napoleon’s coronation and other pictures that portrayed Napoleon in a heroic manner.

Written by the National Convention -declared all men could do anything as long as it did not harm others.

Collection of works compiled during the Enlightenment -explained many aspects of society.

Not called since 1614-finally called by Louis XVI at the advice of his financial minister-demanded control over the King’s finances -he refused and dismissed them-sat as three segregated groups.

Tax on salt during pre-revolutionary France-included in the Estate’s list of grievances.

One of the two halves of the divided National Convention.

Created by Napoleon-kept watch over their own area of France -allowed Napoleon not to have to worry about petty problems.

Law that obligated all French men between certain ages to enlist in the army.

Site of palace outside Paris. Women marched there to demand action from Louis XVI.

First Estate

Second Estate

Third Estate

(1789) Taken by the National Assembly-stated that they would not disband until they had made a new constitution. Met here because they were unable to go to their meeting place.

(1774-1792) King of France-executed for treason by the National Convention-absolute monarch-husband of Marie Antoinette.

(1755-1793) - Louis XVI’s wife and sister of Leopold of Austria-executed.

(1758-1794) - A very radical Jacobin and member of the National Assembly. He led the Mountains and created the Committee of Public Safety, which he led a dictator. He also began the Reign of Terror during which time he tried to eliminate all opposition. Executed in 1794 during the Thermidorian Reaction.

Petty laborers and laboring poor-wore pants not knee breeches-became a major political group in revolutionary France.

Followed the storming of the Bastille-people were scared of outlaws and reprisals-fanned flames of rebellion.

(1793-1794) - The attempt by the Convention, led by Robespierre, to suppress the counter revolution. Hundreds were executed including Danton and Marie Antoinette. Ended with the Thermidorian Reaction.

A reaction against the violence of the Reign of Terror. Robespierre was executed.

The old order before the Revolution in France

(1759-1797) – English feminist author who wrote Vindication of the Rights of Women. She went to Paris to witness the Revolution.

(1975-1799) - Group of five men who served after Robespierre and the Assembly. It was created to remedy the abuses of Robespierre, but it was weak and ineffective form of government. Overthrown by Napoleon.

(1806) - Issued by Napoleon, instituted the Continental System, in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control.

(1768-1844) - Napoleon's brother, made king of Spain (1808) but unable to control the Spanish and he abdicated (1813). His failure to control the Spanish led to the costly Peninsula War.

In 1806 Napoleon dissolved the archaic Holy Roman Empire. League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league collapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.

(1806-12) - French economic plan to cripple Britain. Beginning with the Berlin Decree (1806) Napoleon closed all European ports to British ships. The Continental System was largely a failure since it hurt the European economy as well as the British economy. Napoleon trying to enforce the policy in Spain led to the Peninsula War and Russia's refusal to conform led to the Russian campaign.

Combined French armies under Napoleon. Virtually destroyed during Napoleon's ill-fated Russian campaign.

(r. 1814-24) - Tried to issue the Constitutional Charter of 1814, which accepted many revolutionary changes and guaranteed civil liberties

(1807) - Laws, especially civil laws, passed by Napoleon. Took away many of the rights gained by women, aimed at reestablishing the "family monarchy". Modified after Napoleon's defeat, but still is the basis of continental law.

France was forced to invade Spain after the failure of Joseph Bonaparte. Very costly for Napoleon who later claimed, “It was the Spanish ulcer that ruined me.” The Duke of Wellington helped the Spanish.

A vote of the people.

Found by one of Napoleon's officers during the Egyptian campaign. Allowed people to decipher hieroglyphics.

(1754-1838) - French representative at the Congress of Vienna and limited the demands of other countries upon the French.

British island in the South Atlantic. Napoleon's final home after the Battle of Waterloo until his death in 1821.

(October 1805) - Britain's Admiral Nelson destroyed the combined French and Spanish navies. Nelson was killed but invasion of Britain now became impossible.

(1773-1859) - Metternich was the Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of liberal nationalism throughout Europe.

(1769-1822) - British representative at Congress of Vienna.

The time from Napoleon's return from exile on Elba (March 20) to defeat at Waterloo (July 8, 1815).