Second Quarter Biology

Self

Nutrition

Different

chemical

Color

Matter

Light

Formed from ADP and a phosphate group bonded together

Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals to produce it owns food (producer)

Organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes (consumer)

Captures light energy; pigment of plants

Organelle that captures the energy from sunlight and coverts it into chemical energy

Process by which plants use light to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and sugars

Carrier molecules that transfer high energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

pore-like openings in the underside of the leaf that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse

saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts

stacks of thylakoids

Region outside thylakoid membranes

a reaction that requires light

A reaction that can occur in light or dark (does not require light)

Reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds such as sugar

Series of proteins in which the high energy electrons from the krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other good in presence of oxygen

Process that does not require oxygen

Process that requires oxygen

First step in releasing the energy of glucose, where it is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

Second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2

3-carbon compound, made in the glycolysis process

Created from pyruvic acid and NADH during lactic acid fermentation

Process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

repeated Griffith's experiment, and discovered that the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation to the next

makes p genes, a long molecule made up of nucleotides (Deoxyribose nucleic acid)

Monomer of nucleic acids made up of 5 carbon sugars, nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

Principle that bonds in DNA can only form between G&C and A&T

Process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA

Decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

3-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid

Group of 3 bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

type of RNA tat makes up the major part of ribosomes

type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

Enzymes similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription

enzyme that "profreads" new DNA strands, helping to ensure that each molecule is a nearly perfect copy of the original DNA

Region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA

Region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme to stope making RNA

AUG, located where RNA polymerase binds to DNA replications fork

UGA, UAA, UAG: do not code for any amino acid, signify the end of a polypeptide

A type of mutation that produces changes in a single gene

Gene mutations involving changes in one or a few nucleotides

Mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting of deleting a nucleotide

A change in genetic material

Involve changes in the # or structure of chromosomes

Involve the loss of all or part of a chromosome

Produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome

Reverse the direction of parts of chromosome

Part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

Part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

Cells that do not have the mechanism to stop reproduction: no interphase or growing phase

(length*width*6)/(length*width*height)

Before

Between

Up

End

Between

One of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

One of two tiny structure located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

Fanlike microtubule structures that help separate the chromosomes during mitosis

1st and longest phase of mitosis, where chromosome become visible, centrioles separate and take up positions of either side of the nucleus

2nd phase of mitosis, chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

3rd phase of mitosis, chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

4th and final phase of mitosis, chromosomes begin to disperse into tangle of dense material

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

Period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

Series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

Type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells

One of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

Process by which the # of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

A cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes (single set of genes)

Structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

Chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent

when identical chromosomes pair with each other in prophase 1

Autosomal chromosomes (not a sex chromosome)

Specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction

Process in sexual reproduction in which male&female reproductive cells join to form a new cell

3 cells produced by females during meiosis; do not participate in reproduction

Scientist who made predictions and principles of genetics

Scientific study of heredity

Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

One of a different form of a gene

A specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another

Genetic makeup of an organism

Physical characteristics of an organism

Term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait

Term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait

Diagram showing the gene combination that might result from a genetic cross

Separation of allele during gamete formation

Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes

Situation in which both alleles of a gene

Three or more alleles of the same gene

Trait controlled by two or more genes

Diagram showing the relative locations of each known gene on a particular chromosome

One of two chromosome that determine an individual's sex

Set of photographs of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs

Chart that shows the relationships within a family

Gene located on the X or Y chromosome

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate

Can be a molecule that transfers material from one place to another