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3 categories of enzymatic regulatory inhibition
feedback, reversible, irreversible
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how does feedback inhibition regulate an enzymatic process?
by using the end product as an allosteric inhibitor to the enzyme that catalyzing the rxn
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2 types of reversible inhibitors?
competitive and non-competitive
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how can a non-competitive inhibitor effect be reversed
through adding of a compound that have a greater affinity for the inhibitor than the enzyme
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zymogen?
inactive form of enzyme
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how is zymogen activated? example?
it's activated when a part of it is cleaved of. as in pepsinogen and chymotrypsinogen.
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what are the energy carrier molecules for a cell's metabolic process?
ATP, NAD+, NADP+, and FAD
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how do ATP, NAD+, NADP+, and FAD store energy?
ATP in high energy phosphate bonds.the rest store in hight potential electrons.
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net reaction of glycolysis
glucose +2ADP+2Pi+2NAD+-->2 Pyruvate+2ATP+2NADH+2H++2H2O
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net gain of ATP in cellular respiration
eukaryotes=36, prokaryote=38
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3 stages of cellular respiration
pyruvate decarboxylation, kreb cycle, electron transport chain
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how many ATP, NADH and FADH are created in one kreb cycle?
1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH
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cytochrome?
molecular electron carrier in oxidative phophorylation
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in what phase of meiosis would one find a tetrad?
Prophase I
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what is the sequence of development of a mature sperm cell
primary spermatid, 2ndary spermatid, spermatocyte, spermatozoa,
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acrosome?
enzyme containing cap-like structure on head of sperm
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corona radiata and zona pellucida?
corona radiata is the outer layer of cells that surrounds the ovum. zona pellucida is the innger layer of cell surrounding the ovum.
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order the following embryonic stages:
blastula, neurula, morula, gastrula, zygote
zygote, morula, blastula, gastrula, neurula
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3 primary germ layers
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
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match following structure with stage of development in which they first appear:
1. inner cell mass
2.archenteron
3.notochord
4.trophoblast
5.blastopore
6.neural fold
a.blastula
b.gastrula
c.neurula
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structures from ectoderm
integument, lens of eye, nervous system
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structure from endoderm
epithelial lining of digestive/ resp tracts, parts of liver, pancreas, thyroid, and bladder
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structure from mesoderm
mucsloskeletal system, circulatory system, connective tissues, excretory system, ad gonads
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function of ductus venosus?
shunt blood away from fetal liver
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function of foramen ovale?
divert blood away from pulmonary arteries into left atrium
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function of ductus arteriosus?
shunts blood directly from pulmonary artery into aorta
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what trimester do skeleton and organs form
1st
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placenta originate from what structure?
from the chorion
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2 major component of skeleton
cartilage and bones
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intramembranous ossification?
the transformation of mesechymal tissue into bone
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