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Pharmacology
The study of drugs that alter functionson of living organisms
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Drug Therapy
Use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms, and disease processes
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Medications
Drugs given for therapuetic purposes
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Local Effects of Medications
Act at the site of application
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Systemic Effects of Medications
Taken into the body, circulated via the bloodstream to sites of action, and eventually eliminated from the body
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Drug Sources
- Plants
- Animals
- Minerals
- Synthetic compounds
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Drug Classifications are Classified according to
- specific body systems
- therapuetic uses
- chemical characterisitics
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Prototypes
- Individual drugs that represent groups of drugs
- Often the first drug os a particular group to be developed i.e. Morphine, Penicillin
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Drug Names can be the
- Generic Name
- Trade or Brand Name
- Chemical Name
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Chemical Name
Describes the drugs chemical compostion and molecular structure
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Generic Name
The name given by the United States Adopted Name Council
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Trade Name
The drugs registered trade mark. Use of this name is restricted
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What are the two routes to access therapuetic drugs
- Prescription
- Over-the-Counter
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Comprehensive Drug Abude Prevention and Control Act Title II:Controlled Substances Act.
Regulates maufacturing and distrubution of Nartcotics,depressants, stimulants, hallucinogents, anabolic steroids
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Drug Enforcement Administration
- Enforces Controlled Substances Act
- Registers individuals aned companies legally empowered to handle controlled substances
- Regulates documentation and handling of controlled substances
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Food and Drug Administration
- Responsible for ensuring safety and efficacy of drugs before they can be marketed
- Since 1962, specific testing standards must be applied
- Several phases of testing
- Approves many new drugs anuually
- Many change status of drugs from precription to OTC
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Pharmacokinetics
Drug movement through the body to reach sites of action, metabolism, and excreation.
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Processes involved in pharmacokinetics
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Excreation
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Onset of drug action is determined by
the rate of absorption
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What factors affect rate and extent of drug absorption
- Dosage form
- Route of administration
- Administration site blood flow
- GI function
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Enteral Route
- The drug is absorbed into systemic circulation through the oral, gastic mucosa, the small intestine, or rectum.
- Oral
- Sublingual
- Buccal
- Rectal
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First-Pass Effect
The metabolism of a drug and its passage from the liver into the circulation. Less drug reaches circulation.
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Parenteral Route
- IV(fastest)
- IM
- Sub-Q
- Intradermal
- Sublingual
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Topical Route
- Skin
- Eyes
- Ears
- Nose
- Lungs
- Vagina
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Distubution Process
Drugs are carried by blood and tissue fluids to action sites, metabolism sites, and excretion sites. Depends on adequacy of blood circulation.
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The Distribution process is affected by
- Protein binding
- Blood-brain barrier
- Pregnancy
- Lactation
- Areas of rapid distribution: heart, liver, kidneys, and brain
- Areas of slow distribution: muscle, skin, and fat.
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Metabolic Process
Method by which drugs are inactivated or biotransformed by the body
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Drugs changed to what in metabolic process
- Inactive metabolites
- Active Metabolites
- Prodrugs
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Drug-metabolizing enzymes are located within
- Kidneys
- Liver
- RBC
- Plasma
- Lungs
- GI mucosa
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Factors tha affect drug metabolism
- Enzyme Induction
- Enzyme Inhibition
- Cardiovascular dysfunction
- Renal insufficency
- Starvation
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