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3 types of base pair mutations during protein synthesis
- 1.subsitution
- 2.insertion
- 3.deletion
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what kind of nucleid acid can be found in viruses
RNA or DNA
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whats retrovirus
an RNA virus that codes for the enzyme reverse transcriptase which uses the RNA as template for DNA synthesis
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whats prophage (provirus)
virus that has integrated its DNA into the host cell's DNA
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lytic and lysogenic cycle?
- bacteriophage infection results in either lytic or lysogenic cycle
- lytic: the production of new progeny that causes the cell to burst.
- lysogenic: incorporation of viral DNA into the bacterial DNA where it remains inactive. may progress to lytic cycle
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3 ways bacteria can increase genetic variability
- 1. transformation- incorporation of foreign chromosome fragments
- 2.conjugation- transfer of genetic material btwn 2 bact
- 3.transduction- virus carries DNA btwn 2 bact
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operon?
gene that regulates (bacterial) transcription
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inducible system
requires the presence of an inducer for transcription to occur
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repressible system
constant state of transcription unless a corepressor is present to stop it
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model of punctuated equilibrium
evolution is characterized by long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid evolutionary changes
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the difference between homologous and analogous structures
homologous structure- similar structure in origin, but not function
analogous structure - similar i function but not in origin
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Hardy Weinberg equation? what each represent?
p 2+2pq+q 2=1
- p2- freq of homozygous dominants
- 2pq - freq of heterozygotes
- q2-freq of homozygous recessives
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5 necessary conditions for Hardy Weinberg equation
- 1.no mutation affect the gene pool
- 2.large population
- 3.genes in population are equally successful at reproducing
- 4.mating occurs at random
- 5.the migration or individuals in or out of population
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genetic drift vs. genetic flow?
drift-change in the gene pool due to chance.
flow-changing of the gene pool due to migration of individuals
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function of surfactant?
reduces surface tension on alveoli and facilitate gas exchange
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vital capacity?
maximum amount of air that can be inhaled
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total lung capacity?
vital capacity + residual volume
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difference btwn prokaryote and eukaryote
eukaryote has membrane bound organelles, prokaryote does not
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plasmid?
a smaller extrachromosomal ring of dna sometimes found in bact. it replicates independent of bact. chromosome.
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typical bact. cell has?
cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, flagella, and dna
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where in bact. does respiration occur?
cell membrane
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function of transport protein?
helps polar molecules and certain ions across cell membrane
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function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
site of lipid synthesis, poison detox and protein transport
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function of peroxisome
make hydrogen peroxide and digests fats into smaller molecules
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facilitated diffusion
movement of dissolved particle down concentration gradient with help of carrier molecules
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4 basic tissues in the body?
muscle, nerve, epithelial and connective tissues
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difference btwn apoenzyme and holoenzyme?
apoenzymes does not have its cofactor, holoenzyme does
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prosthetic group?
tightly bound cofactor
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(t/f) all enzyme in body are proteins
false, ribozymes are RNA enzymes
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allosteric enzyme?
enzyme with 2 or more active sites. it oscillates btwn active and inactive configurations
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