midterm

form of government that controls all aspects of the political and social life of a nation

form of government in which representatives elected by the people make and enforce laws and policies; may retain the monarchy in a ceremonial role.

views politics as a conflict among interest groups. political decision making is chaacterized by bargaining and compromise.

sociaety is ruled by a small number of people who exercise power to further their selfinterest

beliefs that includes the advocac of positive government action to imporve the welfare of individuals, support for civil rights, and tolerance for political and social change

process through which individuals learn a set of political attitudes and form opinions about social issues. the family and the educational system are two of the most important forces in the political socialization process.

a set of beliefs that includes a limited role for the national government in helping individuals, support for traditional values and lifestyles, and a cautious response to change.

delegates worked for 115 days, finally was approved by 39 delegates. established popular sovereignty and a republican government.

bicameral legislature with the lower chamber chosen by the people based on population and smaller upper chamber chosen by lower chamber. executive and judiciary.

one state one vote, congress regulates trade and imposes taxes, several people would make up executive who would appoint supreme court, supremacy doctrine

bicameral legislature: House of Representatives would be population+3/5 of slaves, Senate: 2 members from each state

1. by a 2/3 vote in both chambers then by the legislatures of 3/4 of states or 2. by a national convention by congress at the request of 2/3 of states

addresses the question of how to guard against "factions," with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community. Madison argued that a strong, large republic would be a better guard against those dangers than smaller republics—for instance, the individual states.

each branch should be independent and have the same amount of power. He stresses that the government must be able to control the people, but also control itself. In most republic governments the legislative branch is the most powerful, so that’s why there is a Senate and House of Representatives.

judicial review-the power of the supreme court and other courts to delcare unconstitutional federal or state laws and other acts of government

marshall defined commerce as all business dealings including navigation and transportation of people, commerce clause is congress can regulate trade among the states and with other nations

no state coud use its taxing power to tax an arm of the antional government, necessary and proper clause grants congress the power to do whatever is necessary to execute its powers

seperate but equal doctrine holds that seperate but equal facilities do not violate the equal protection clause

struck own provisions of the federal brady handgun violence prevention act that required state employees to check the background of potential handgun purchasers.

bakke sued for reverse discrimination. race can be considered a factor among others in admissions decisions, but it cannot be the sole factor. affirmative action upheld as constitutional.

The Court decided that a right to privacy under the due process clause extends to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that right must be balanced against the state's two legitimate interests for regulating abortions: protecting prenatal life and protecting the mother's health.

same sex sexual harrassment is illegal

government aid to religious schools must be secular, all laws under the establishment clause are subject to the three part lemon test

saying a prayer every morning in New York violated the establishment clause

moment of silence was unconstitutional, later revised so a moment of silence is allowed as long as its not for praying

defines what material is obscene

powers that arent listed for the federal government are given to the state

powers held jointly by the national and state governments (power to tax)

powers specifically granted to the national government by the constitution. the first seventeen clauses of article 1, section 8, specify most of the enumerated powers.

clause in article 1, section 8, that grants congress the power to do whatever is necessary.

states the Constitution's principle of federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government nor prohibited to the states by the Constitution of the United States are reserved to the states or the people.

precludes lawsuits against state governments for violations of rights established by federal laws unless the states consent to be sued.

a requirement in federal legislation that forces states and municipalities to comply with certain rules

system of the government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and states or provinces, a system in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments

federal programs that provide funds to state and local governments for general functional areas, such as criminal justice or mentalhealth programs.

written defamation of a persons character reputation business or property rights

public uttering of a false statement that harms the good reputation of another. the statement must be made to, or within the hearing of, persons other than the defamed party.

oulawed discriminatory voter registration tests and authorized federal registration of voters and federally administered voting procedures in any political subdivision or state that discriminated against a group.

forbade discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, and national origin.

equality should not be denied based on sex, introduced by national womens party, approved by congress but not by states.

requires all public buildings and public services be accessible to persons with disabilities and employers must accommodate the needs of employees

use of the senates tradition of unlimited debate as a delaying tactic to block a bill

aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs shared by some portion of the adult population

method of systematically questioning a small selected sample of respondents who are deemed representative of the total population

lobbying, rathings game, building alliances, campaign assistance, generating public pressure, using constituents as lobbyists

A political machine is a disciplined political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses who receive rewards for their efforts

refers to a ballot on which the voter has chosen candidates from different political parties when multiple offices are being decided by a single election.

an electoral device whereby legislative or constitutional measures are referred by the legislature to the voters for approval or disapproval

procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment

voluntary organization of countries and municipalities concerned with area wide problems

county is not created at the behest of its inhabitants. the state sets up counties on its own initiative to serve as political extensions of the state government

occus when a group that is becoming more numerous over time grows large enough to change the political balance in a district, state, or country

process in which a substantial group of voters switches party allegiance, producing a longterm change in the political landscape

meeting held every four years by each major party to select presidential and vp candidates, to write a platform, choose a national committee, and to conduct party business