What is the relationship of the cervical vertebrae to the dorsal midline?
Gently sloping backwards "s" curve
What are the anatomical differences of the nuchal ligament in the horse and the dog?
Dog (1 component) - from spine of T1 to spine of axis
Horse (2 components) - funiculus nuchae (cord-like) from skull to spines of thoracic vertebrae of withers where it becomes continuous w/supraspinous ligament; lamina nuchae (sheet-like) from spines of T2-3 to spines of C2-6
Where are the bursae located in relation to the nuchal and supraspinous ligaments?
Cranial nuchal bursae - between the arch of the atlas (C1) and the funiculus nuchae
Caudal nuchal bursae - between the spine of the atlas (C2) and the funiculus nuchae
Supraspinous bursa - over the whithers at the junction of the funiculus nuchae cranially and the supraspinous ligament caudally
What clinical conditions involve these bursae?
Poll evil - inflammation/infection of cranial nuchal bursa
Fistulous withers - inflammation/infection of the supraspinous bursa
What condition affects the cervical vertebrae causing compression of the spinal cord and ataxia in horses?
Wobbles
Where is the crest? What is the composition of the tissue in this area?
Located on the dorsal midline of the neck; composed of fat
Identify the topographic position of the wing of the atlas
Can be palpated near the base of the poll
Identify the superficial muscles of the ventral surface of the neck
Where are the transverse nerve of the neck and the cervical branch of the facial nerve located?
Transverse nerve of the neck - branches of C2 & C3; innervates mandible
Cervical branch of facial nerve - runs with external jugular vein
Identify the origin of the phrenic nerve and brachial plexus
Phrenic n. - ventral branches of C5, C6, C7
Brachial plexus - ventral branches of C6-8, T1 & 2; deep to scalenus m.
Identify the major vessels supplying the cervical musculature
Deep cervical artery
Vertebral artery
Identify the superficial and deep cervical lymph nodes
Superficial cervical lymph nodes - located near the deep aspect of the brachiocephalicus
Deep cervical lymph nodes - run along the trachea
Cranial - around the thyroid gland
Middle - middle of neck
Caudal - thoracic inlet
Which muscles show a degree of fusion in the cervical region?
Brachiocephalicus
Sternothyrohyoideus
Omohyoideus
Longissimus capitis/Longissimus atlantis
What is Viborg's triangle? Where are its borders?
Surgical landmark for the gutteral pouch and related retropharyngeal lymph nodes
Cranial border - ramus of mandible
Ventral border - linguofacial vein
Dorsal border - tendon of sternocephalicus
What is the jugular groove? What are the borders of this groove?
Location of the jugular vein
Dorsal border - cleidomastoideus
Ventral border - sternocephalicus
Deep border - omohyoideus
What is the significance of the omohyoideus in the horse?
"Protects" the common carotid a. from deep venipuncture by acting as a barrier between the carotid a. and jugular v.
What is the relationship of the trachea and esophagus through the cervical region?
The esophagus begins at the pharynx dorsal to the trachea, then moves to the left side at the level of C4, dorsal to trachea at thoracic inlet
What are the borders of the lateral pectoral groove? Which major venous structure is found in this groove?
Borders: cleidomastoideus + descending pectoral
Cephalic v. + deltoid br. of superficial cervical a.
What are the borders of the median pectoral groove?
Between left and right descending pectoral mm.
Which structures are contained in the carotid sheath?
Common carotid a.
Vagosympathetic trunk
Recurrent laryngeal n.
Internal jugular v. (variables)
Classify the dorsal and ventral spinal nerve roots as sensory or motor structures. Are the dorsal and ventral branches of the spinal nerve sensory or motor or mixed?
Dorsal spinal nerve root - sensory information to the cord
Ventral spinal nerve root - motor information from the cord
Dorsal and ventral branches of spinal nerve - mixed