Bio: Evolution

the process in which significant changes in the inheritable traits of a species occur over time

unchanged and unchanging (used to be believed of life forms)

preserved remains or traces of an organism or its activity; preserved intact, hard body parts, impressions, microfossils

the process of organisms becoming part of sedimentary rock layers/tar pits

microscopic remains of tiny organisms or structures that have hard and resistant outer coverings

• 1. organisms die
• 2. organism is buried and compressed under layers of sediment
• 3. because of the pressure the deposits turn into mineralized sedimentary rock
• 4. erosion or excavation or changing sea level or faults expose the fossil

castastrophies caused extinction and God replaced the species; supported by how new species are closer to the surface than old species; NOT supported by how newer species were more complex

• palaeontology: ross. (the study of fossils)
• palaeontologist: ross. (finds and dates fossils)

using subatomic particles from the nucleus of the atom to determine ABSOLUTE AGE

measuring the decay of radioisotopes in the rock

• relative: estimate of age in relation to other specimen
• absolute: estimate of the specimen's actual age

bipedalism: the ability to walk on two feet- it left the hands free to carry young, to make/use tools, to perform tasks nd tingz.

climate can cause a species to migrate or can change the way a species interacts with the environment

the first tingzzz to make/use tools to adapt their environment,

hunted animals and gathered plants, made complex tools, used fire, formulated a language

• glyptodant to armadillo,
• megatherium to sloth (LAWLSKASSIALAWLS.)

features that have a common origin but not a common purpose

have a similar purpose but not a common origin :D

features that have been carried down through evolution but no longer serve a purpose

forms of a gene

homozygous: identical paired alleles, heterozygous: different paired alleles

an organisms set of chromosomes

• genotype: set of alleles (genetic make up)
• phenotype: observable alleles

• a populations allele frequencies will NOT change as long as:
• 1. the population is large
• 2. there is no migration
• 3. there are no mutations
• 4. mating opportunities are equal
• 5. no natural selection occurs

• p+q=1 and p2+2pq+q2=1
• where p is DOMINANT and q is recessive

a trait that increases an organisms chances for success in a particular environment that other organisms dont haveee!!!!!

the ACCUMULATION of small evolutionary changes over a long period of time that lead to a new adapted species

one individual decreases in fitness and another individual is assisted and increases in fitness INDIRECTLYYYY?

a behaviour or trait of one individual that increases the success of its close relativessss!! (:

evolutionary formation of a NEW DAMN SPECIES!!!! :D

changes in gene and phenotype frequencies in a population... CAN LEAD TO NEW SPECIESSSSS

members of a group or a population that can interbreed under natural conditionssss

behavioral, structural, or BIOCHEMICAL traits that prevent individuals of different species to REPRODUCE!! :D

reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent interspecies reproduction (SUCH AS: ecological, temporal, behavioural isolation!)

FOR EXAMPLLEEEE: living in different places!!!! ie at different elevations!!!

FOR EXAMMPLLEEE: different TIMMESSSS!!! ie plants blooming at different times of the day or yearrr!!!

species use different ways to attract a mate!!!!! :D :D think dem dancin bird tingz!!!

floral features in plants can affect the transfer of pollen!

EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION TINGZ!!! clams release their sperm and eggs into the water and they be chillin and they may not ever find eachother!! :D

prevents maturation and reproduction in offspring from interspecies reproductionnn!!!! like dem ZYGOTIC MORTALITY HYBRID INVIABILITY HYBRID INFERTILITY AND SUCHHHH!!

populations of a species seperation because of geographic isolation IE birds that aren't strong flyers wont cross large bodies of water or mountain ranges!!

the evolution of a species in the same geographic area, but different parts!! ie fish in different parts of a lake!!!

mutations, GENETIC DRIFT, gene flow, NON-RANDOM MATING, natural selection TINGZZZ

inherited change in DNA, gene locus is affected: neutral, harmful or beneficial

POINT MUTATIONS, DELETIONS, INVERSIONS, DUPLICATIONS, INSERTIONS

• RANDOM LOSS OF ALLELES!!!
• bottleneck effect: severe environment crap ALMOST wipes out a population, alleles may be lost forever or temporarily
• founder effect: a small number of dispersed individuals establish a new population somewhere else with DIFFERENT ALLELE FREQUENCIES!!!

a flow of alleles in and out of a population due to migrations!!!!

• IT BE INBREEDING!!!
• sexual selection!!!
• mating with relatives messes with HARDY WEINBURG TINGZZ!!!
• increases risk of homozygous recessive tingz!!

gradual adaptations: SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST.

• STABILIZING: most common phenotypes are most favoured by the environment
• DIRECTIONAL: when the environment favors EXTREME variations of a trait
• DISRUPTIVE: favours OPPOSITE EXTREMES over intermediate variations (yawutiknow.)
• SEXUAL: individuals that reproduce frequently make more of a contribution to the gene pool

the "evolutionary development and history" of a species or group

• determining the method used to determine the sequence of branches in a phylogenetic tree. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES that are shared are called DERIVED CHARACTERS
• -CLADOGRAMS BE DEM DIAGRAMS