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define evolution!!
the process in which significant changes in the inheritable traits of a species occur over time
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define immutable!!
unchanged and unchanging (used to be believed of life forms)
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define fossil!!
preserved remains or traces of an organism or its activity; preserved intact, hard body parts, impressions, microfossils
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whats FOSSILIZATION???
the process of organisms becoming part of sedimentary rock layers/tar pits
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what are microfossils??
microscopic remains of tiny organisms or structures that have hard and resistant outer coverings
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how do fossils form nd tingz?
- 1. organisms die
- 2. organism is buried and compressed under layers of sediment
- 3. because of the pressure the deposits turn into mineralized sedimentary rock
- 4. erosion or excavation or changing sea level or faults expose the fossil
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CCCCCuvier's theory on CCCCCCatastrophism is what????
castastrophies caused extinction and God replaced the species; supported by how new species are closer to the surface than old species; NOT supported by how newer species were more complex
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what??? palaeontology/ palaeontologist??
- palaeontology: ross. (the study of fossils)
- palaeontologist: ross. (finds and dates fossils)
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what is radioactive decay????????
using subatomic particles from the nucleus of the atom to determine ABSOLUTE AGE
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what is radiometric dating??????
measuring the decay of radioisotopes in the rock
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relative age vs. absolute age?????
- relative: estimate of age in relation to other specimen
- absolute: estimate of the specimen's actual age
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why was bipedalism so crucialllll???
bipedalism: the ability to walk on two feet- it left the hands free to carry young, to make/use tools, to perform tasks nd tingz.
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how can climate change cause a change in species???
climate can cause a species to migrate or can change the way a species interacts with the environment
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homo habilis izzzzzzz???
the first tingzzz to make/use tools to adapt their environment,
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homo erectus wuuuttttt?
hunted animals and gathered plants, made complex tools, used fire, formulated a language
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glyptodent to ______
and megatherium to ________
- glyptodant to armadillo,
- megatherium to sloth (LAWLSKASSIALAWLS.)
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homologous features are...???
features that have a common origin but not a common purpose
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analogous features are...???
have a similar purpose but not a common origin :D
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vestigial features are...????
features that have been carried down through evolution but no longer serve a purpose
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alleles areeeeee...????
forms of a gene
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homozygous/heterozygous tingz???
homozygous: identical paired alleles, heterozygous: different paired alleles
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genome?
an organisms set of chromosomes
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genotype/phenotype????
- genotype: set of alleles (genetic make up)
- phenotype: observable alleles
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what is the HARDY-WEINBURG PRINCIPLE???
- a populations allele frequencies will NOT change as long as:
- 1. the population is large
- 2. there is no migration
- 3. there are no mutations
- 4. mating opportunities are equal
- 5. no natural selection occurs
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what are the two Hardy-Weinburg equations?????
- p+q=1 and p2+2pq+q2=1
- where p is DOMINANT and q is recessive
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and what is ADAPTION???
a trait that increases an organisms chances for success in a particular environment that other organisms dont haveee!!!!!
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and what is CUMULATIVE SELECTION???
the ACCUMULATION of small evolutionary changes over a long period of time that lead to a new adapted species
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and what is ALTRUISM/MORALISM?????
one individual decreases in fitness and another individual is assisted and increases in fitness INDIRECTLYYYY?
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qu'estce que c'est KIN SELECTION tingz????
a behaviour or trait of one individual that increases the success of its close relativessss!! (:
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speciation is WUUUUTTTt???
evolutionary formation of a NEW DAMN SPECIES!!!! :D
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microevolution is WWWUUUUTTT????
changes in gene and phenotype frequencies in a population... CAN LEAD TO NEW SPECIESSSSS
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wutsaspecies????
members of a group or a population that can interbreed under natural conditionssss
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WHAT ARE DEM REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATING MECHANISMS????
behavioral, structural, or BIOCHEMICAL traits that prevent individuals of different species to REPRODUCE!! :D
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and wut are dem PREZYGOTIC MECHANISMS????
reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent interspecies reproduction (SUCH AS: ecological, temporal, behavioural isolation!)
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ecological isolation ISSSSSSSSS???
FOR EXAMPLLEEEE: living in different places!!!! ie at different elevations!!!
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temporal isolation ISSSSS????
FOR EXAMMPLLEEE: different TIMMESSSS!!! ie plants blooming at different times of the day or yearrr!!!
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behavioral isolation is WHAAATTT???
species use different ways to attract a mate!!!!! :D :D think dem dancin bird tingz!!!
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mechanical isolation is WHATYOUSAYNOW????
floral features in plants can affect the transfer of pollen!
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gametic isolation is WHAAATTT???
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION TINGZ!!! clams release their sperm and eggs into the water and they be chillin and they may not ever find eachother!! :D
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POST ZYGOTIC MECHANISMS ARE WUTTT???
prevents maturation and reproduction in offspring from interspecies reproductionnn!!!! like dem ZYGOTIC MORTALITY HYBRID INVIABILITY HYBRID INFERTILITY AND SUCHHHH!!
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ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION IS...?????
populations of a species seperation because of geographic isolation IE birds that aren't strong flyers wont cross large bodies of water or mountain ranges!!
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SYMPATRIC SPECIATION!!!! is WHATTT!!
the evolution of a species in the same geographic area, but different parts!! ie fish in different parts of a lake!!!
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WHAT CAN CAUSE CHANGES IN A POPULATION???
mutations, GENETIC DRIFT, gene flow, NON-RANDOM MATING, natural selection TINGZZZ
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lets be talkin bout dem mutations.
inherited change in DNA, gene locus is affected: neutral, harmful or beneficial
POINT MUTATIONS, DELETIONS, INVERSIONS, DUPLICATIONS, INSERTIONS
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lets be talkin bout dat GENETIC DRIFT!!!
- RANDOM LOSS OF ALLELES!!!
- bottleneck effect: severe environment crap ALMOST wipes out a population, alleles may be lost forever or temporarily
- founder effect: a small number of dispersed individuals establish a new population somewhere else with DIFFERENT ALLELE FREQUENCIES!!!
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GEEEENNNNNNEEEEE FLLOWWWWWWW. lets talk about it.
a flow of alleles in and out of a population due to migrations!!!!
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so. NON-RANDOM MATING.
- IT BE INBREEDING!!!
- sexual selection!!!
- mating with relatives messes with HARDY WEINBURG TINGZZ!!!
- increases risk of homozygous recessive tingz!!
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WHATS NATURAL SELECTION BOOIII???
gradual adaptations: SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST.
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WHAT ARE DEM TYPES OF SELECTION???
- STABILIZING: most common phenotypes are most favoured by the environment
- DIRECTIONAL: when the environment favors EXTREME variations of a trait
- DISRUPTIVE: favours OPPOSITE EXTREMES over intermediate variations (yawutiknow.)
- SEXUAL: individuals that reproduce frequently make more of a contribution to the gene pool
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phylogeny is WHAATtt????
the "evolutionary development and history" of a species or group
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cladistics be WHATTT????
- determining the method used to determine the sequence of branches in a phylogenetic tree. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES that are shared are called DERIVED CHARACTERS
- -CLADOGRAMS BE DEM DIAGRAMS
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