-
What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the thigh which flex the hip?
- Iliopsoas
- Pectineus
- Sartorius
-
What are the attachments of the Iliopsoas muscle?
- T12- L4 and the iliac fossa
- Lesser trochanter of the femur
-
What is the innervation of the iliopsoas muscle?
L2-L4 and femoral nerve
-
What are the actions of the iliopsoas muscle?
Flexes and stabilizes the hip
-
What are the attachments of the pectineus muscle?
- Superior pubic ramus
- Pectineal line of the femur
-
What innervates the pectineus muscle?
Femoral nerve
-
What are the actions of the pectineus muscle?
- Flexes the hip
- Adducts the thigh
- Weak medial rotator of the thigh
-
What are the attachments of the sartorius muscle?
- ASIS
- Medial tibia (pes anserinus)
-
What innervates the sartorius muscle?
Femoral nerve
-
What are the actions of the sartorius muscle?
- Flexes, weakly abducts and laterally rotates thigh at the hip
- Flexes the knee
-
What muscles in the anterior compartment are extensors of the knee?
- Quadraceps femoris muscle:
- rectus femoris
- vastus lateralis
- vastus intermedius
- vastus medialis
-
What muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
- Iliopsoas
- Sartorius
- Pecteneus
- Quadraceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis)
-
What are the attachments of the rectus femoris?
- AIIS
- Tibial tuberosity (via quadraceps tendon and patellar ligament)
-
What are the attachments of the vastus lateralis?
- Greater trochanter
- Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
-
What are the attachments of the vastus intermedius?
- Intertrochanteric line
- Quadraceps tendon
-
What are the attachments of the vastus medialis?
- Intertrochanterc line
- Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
-
What innervates the quadraceps femoris muscle?
Femoral nerve
-
What are the actions of the quadraceps femoris?
- Extends the knee
- Rectus femoris weakly flexes the hip
-
What muscles are in the medial compartment of the thigh?
- Gracilis
- Adductor longus
- Adductir brevis
- Adductor magnus (adductor portion and hamstring portion)
- Obturator externus
-
What are the attachments of the gracilis muscle?
- Inferior ramus of pubis
- Medial tibia (pes anserinus)
-
What innervates the gracilis muscle?
Anterior division of the obturator nerve
-
What are the attachments of adductor longus?
- Body and inferior ramus of pubis
- Lina aspera
-
What innervates adductor longus?
anterior division of the obturator nerve
-
What are the attachments of adductor brevis?
- Body and inferior ramus of pubis
- Linea aspera
-
What innervates adductor brevis?
Anterior division of obturator nerve
-
What are the actions of the gracilis muscle?
Adducts the thigh and helps to flex the knee
-
What are the actions of the adductor longus muscle?
Adducts the thigh
-
What are the actions of adductor brevis?
Adducts the thigh
-
What muscles does the anterior division of the obturator nerve innervate?
- Gracilis
- Adductor longus
- Adductor brevis
-
What are the attachments of adductor magnus - the adductor part?
- Ischiopubic ramus
- Linea aspera
-
What innervates the adductor part of adductor magnus?
Posterior division of the obturator nerve
-
What are the actions of the adductor part of adductor magnus?
Adducts the thigh and helps flex the hip
-
What are the attachments of the hamstring part of adductor magnus?
- Ischial tuberosity
- Adductor tubercle
-
What innervates the hamstring part of adductor magnus?
Tibial part of sciatic nerve
-
What are the actions of the hamstring part of adductor magnus?
Extends the hip
-
What are the attachments of Obturator externus?
- Obturator foramen
- Trochanteric fossa
-
What innervates the obturator externus muscle?
Posterior division of obturator nerve
-
What are the actions of the obturator externus muscle?
Laterally rotates the thigh
-
What does the posterior division of the obturator nerve innervate?
- Adductor magnus (adductor part)
- Obturator externus
-
What muscles are in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranosus
- Biceps femoris (long head and short head)
- Adductor magnus (hamstring portion)
-
What are the attachments of the semitendinosus muscle?
- Ischial tuberosity
- Medial tibial condyle
-
What innervates the semitendinosus muscle?
Tibial portion of sciatic nerve
-
What are the actions of the semitendinosus muscle?
- Extends the hip
- Flexes the knee
-
What are the attachments of the semimembranosus?
- Ischial tuberosity
- Medial tibial condyle (pes anserinus)
-
What innervates the semimembranosus muscle?
Tibial part of sciatic nerve
-
What are the actions of semimembranosus?
- Extends the hip
- Flexes the knee
-
What are the attachments of the long head of the biceps femoris?
- Ischial tuberosity
- Head of the fibula
-
What are the attachments of the short head of the biceps femoris?
- Lateral lip of linea aspera
- Head of the fibula
-
What innervates the long head of the biceps femoris?
Tibial portion of the sciatic nerve
-
What innervates the short head of the biceps femoris?
Common fibular portion of the sciatic nerve
-
What are the actions of the biceps femoris?
- Extends the hip
- Flexes the knee
-
What does the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve innervate?
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranosus
- Long head of biceps femoris
- Hamstring portion of adductor magnus
-
What does the common fibular portion of the sciatic nerve innervate in the thigh?
Short head of the biceps femoris
-
What spinal nerve segments are in the common fibular portion of the sciatic nerve?
L4, L5, S1, S2
-
What spinal nerve segments are in the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve?
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
-
What artery supplies blood to the anterior compartment of the thigh?
- Femoral artery:
- Lateral circumflex femoral artery
- Medial circumflex femoral artery
-
What artery supplies blood to the medial compartment of the thigh?
- Deep femoral artery
- Perforating arteries
-
What artery supplies blood to the posterior compartment of the thigh?
- Perforating arteries
- *from deep femoral artery
-
What are the attachments of the Iliotibial tract?
From Iliac tubercle to the tubercle of the tibia (Gerdy's tubercle)
-
What opening does the saphenous vein traverse in the fascia lata?
Saphenous opening
-
What covers the saphenous openining?
Cribiform fascia
-
What does the iliotibial tract form?
Conjoint tendon of tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximus muscles
-
What makes up the floor of the femoral triangle?
- Iliopsoas muscle
- Pectineus muscle
- Adductor longus muscle
-
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
- Inferior border of inguinal ligament
- Medial border of sartorius muscle
- Medial border of adductor longus muscle
-
What are the contents of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial?
- Femoral nerve
- Femoral artery
- Femoral vein
- Inguinal lymph nodes
-
What fascia forms the femoral sheath?
Transversalis fasica and Iliac fascia
-
What are the contents of the femoral sheath?
Femoral artery and vein
-
Where is the femoral nerve relative to the femoral sheath?
Lateral to it
-
What are the contents of the femoral ring?
Lymph nodes
-
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
- 1. Semimembranosus muscle
- 2. Semitendinosus muscle
- 3. Biceps femoris muscle
- 4. Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle
- 5. Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle
- 6. Plantaris muscle
-
What is the roof of the popliteal fossa?
- Popliteal fascia
- Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
- Small saphenous vein
- Medial sural nerve
- lateral sural nerve
-
What makes up the floor of the popliteal fossa?
- Femur
- Oblique popliteal ligament
- Popliteus muscle
-
What nerve and vein always run together in the roof of the popliteal fossa?
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve and the small saphenous vein
-
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
- Tibial nerve
- Common fibular nerve
- Medial and lateral sural nerves
- Popliteal vein
- Small saphenous vein
- Popliteal artery
- Genicular anastomoses
-
What type of joint is the tibiofibular joint?
- Modified hinge joint (Synovial)
- *modified because it can do a little bit of rotation
-
What are the articulations of the tibiofibular joint?
Medial and lateral femoral condyles (of femur) with medial and lateral tibial plateus (of tibia)
-
What muscle tendon is commonly confused for a nerve in the popliteal fossa?
The plantaris muscle tendon
-
The oblique popliteal ligament is an extension of what muscle's tendon?
Semimembranous
-
What makes the patella a sesamoid bone?
It is a bone found in a tendon- the patella is found in the quadraceps femoris tendon
-
Which of the meniscuses provides stability for the knee joint and why?
Medial meniscus bc it is attached to the collateral ligament
-
Which ligaments are the extracapsular ligaments?
- Oblique popliteal ligament
- Arcuate Popliteal ligament
-
Where can you find the arcuate popliteal ligament?
over part of the popliteus muscle
-
Where do extracapsular collateral ligaments attach?
From bone to bone on the outside of the capsule
-
Which ligament prevents varus?
lateral collateral ligament
-
Which ligament prevents valgus?
medial collateral ligament
-
Which collateral ligament is stronger and why?
medial collateral ligament is stronger because it has more attachments
-
What are the intracapsular ligaments?
- Transverse ligament of the knee
- Posterior meniscofemoral ligament
- Cruciate ligaments
-
What does the transverse ligament attach to?
Connects the meniscuses
-
Where does the posterior meniscofemoral ligament attach?
from lateral meniscus to the tibia
-
Where are the crucitate ligaments found?
Intracapsular but outside the cavity
-
What are the cruciate ligaments?
- Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
- (ACL and PCL)
-
Where does the anterior cruciate ligament attach?
From the medial side of the tibial plateu to lateral side of femur
-
What are the functions of the ACL?
Precents anterior displacement of tibia on fixed femur; prevents hyperextension
-
Where does the posterior cruciate ligament attach?
From lateral side of tibia to medial femur
-
What are the functions of the PCL?
Prevents posterior displacement of tibia on the fixed femur; prevents hyperflexion
-
What ligaments of the knee are refered to as the "unhappy triad" when injured?
- 1. ACL
- 2. Medial collateral
- 3. Medial meniscus
-
What are the attachments of the Articularis genus muscle?
Fibers from vastus intermedius attaching to the suprapatellar bursa at the apex (muscle fibers are from vastus intermedius)
-
Where is the prepatellar bursa?
Between skin and the patella
-
Where are the infrapatella bursa located?
- Superficial infrapatellar- superficial to the patellar ligament
- Deep infrapatellar- deep to the patellar ligament
-
What superficial nerve and vein run together over the lateral malleolus?
Small saphenous vein and sural nerve
-
What superficial nerve and vein run together over the medial malleolus?
Great saphenous vein and saphenous nerve
-
What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Fibularis Tertius
- Extensor hallicus longus
-
What are the attachments of the tibialis anterior?
- Lateral tibial condyle
- Medial cunieform ; 1st metatarsal
-
What are the actions of the tibialis anterior?
- Dorsiflexes foot
- Inverts foot
-
What are the attachments of extensor digitorum longus?
- Lateral tibial condyle, fibula
- Extensor expansion of digits 2-5
-
What are the actions of extensor digitorum longus?
- Dorsiflexes foot
- Extends toes 2-5
-
What are the attachments of fibialis tertius?
-
What are the actions of fibularis tertius?
Dorsiflexes and everts foot
-
What are the attachments of extensor hallicus longus?
- Fibula
- Distal phalanx of great toe
-
What are the actions of extensor hallicus longus?
- Weakly dorsiflexes foot
- Extends big toe
-
What nerve innervates muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Deep fibular nerve
-
What muscles does the deep fibular nerve innervate?
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Fibularis tertius
- Extensor hallucis longus
-
What muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg?
- Fibularis longus
- Fibularis brevis
-
What are the attachments of fibularis longus?
- Head of fibula
- 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform (plantar surface)
- *Goes across the lateral malleolus and plantar foot
-
What are the actions of Fibularis longus?
Everts foot
-
What are the attachments of fibularis brevis?
- Fibula
- Lateral side of 5th metatarsal
-
What are the actions of fibularis brevis?
Everts foot
-
What nerve innervates muscles in the lateral compartment?
Superficial fibular nerve
-
What does the superficial fibular nerve innervate?
- Fibularis longus
- Fibularis brevis
-
What muscles are in the superficial part of the posterior compartment?
- Plantaris muscle
- Triceps Surae (Gastrocnemius (medial and lateral heads) and Soleus)
-
What muscles make up the triceps surae?
- Medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius
- Soleus
-
What are the attachments of the gastrocnemius?
- Medial and lateral femoral condyles
- Achilles tendon
- Calcaneus
-
What are the actions of the gastrocnemius?
- Flexes knee
- Plantarflexes foot
-
What are the attachments of the soleus?
- Fibula
- Soleal line of tibia
- Achilles tendon
- Calcaneus
-
What are the actions of the soleus?
Plantarflexes foot
-
What are the attachments of the plantaris muscle?
- Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
- long tendon that joins with achilles tendon
- calcaneus
-
What are the actions of the plantaris muscle?
- Weak flexor of knee
- Weak plantarflexor of foot
-
What muscles are in the deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg?
- Tibialis posterior
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Popliteus
-
What are the attachments of tibialis posterior?
- Tibia and Fibula
- Tarsal bones, metatarsals 2-5
-
What are the actions of tibialis posterior?
Plantarflexes and inverts foot
-
What are the attachments of flexor digitorum longus?
- Tibia, Fibula
- Distal phalanges of digits 2-5
-
What are the actions of flexor digitorum longus?
- Plantarflexes foot
- Flexes digits 2-5
-
What are the attachments of the popliteus muscle?
- Lateral femoral condyle
- Tibia
-
What are the actions of the popliteus muscle?
In weight bearing leg, laterally rotate femur to unlock knee
-
What are the attachments of the flexor hallucis longus?
- Fibula
- Distal phalanx of great toe
-
What are the actions of flexor hallucis longus?
Plantarflexes foot flexes big toe
-
What nerve innervates all the muscles in the posterior compartment (superficial and deep)?
Tibial nerve
-
What muscles does tibial nerve innervate?
- Triceps surae (Gastrocnemius, soleus)
- Plantaris
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Tibialis posterior
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Popliteus
-
What arttery supplies blood to the anterior part of the leg?
Anterior tibial artery
-
What artery supplies blood to the posterior part of the leg?
Posterior tibial artery
-
What artery supplies blood to the lateral leg?
Fibular (peroneal artery)
-
What muscles are on the dorsum of the foot?
- Extensor digitorum breivs
- Extensor hallucis brevis
-
What are the attachments of extensor digitorum brevis?
Calcaneous to the extensor expansions of digits 2-5
-
What innervates extensor digitorum brevis?
Deep fibular nerve
-
What are the actions of extensor digitorum brevis?
Helps extend toes 2-4
-
What are the attachments of extensor hallucis brevis?
Calcaneus to proximal phalanx of great toe
-
What innervates extensor hallucis brevis?
Deep fibular nerve
-
What are the actions of extensor hallucis brevis?
Extends the great toe
-
What does the deep fibular nerve innervate in the foot?
Extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis
-
What spinal nerve fibers are in the deep fibular nerve?
L4, L5, S1
-
What muscles are in the first layer of the plantar foot?
- Abductor hallucis
- Flexor digitorum brevis
- Abductor digiti minimi
-
What are the attachments of abductor hallucis?
- Calcaneal tuberosity
- Lateral side of proximal phalanx of great toe
-
What innervates abductor hallucis?
Medial plantar nerve
-
What are the actions of abductor hallucis?
Abducts and flexes great toe
-
What are the attachments of flexor digitorum brevis?
- Calcaneal tuberosity
- Middle phalanx of digits 2-5
-
What nerve innervates the flexor digitorum brevis?
Medial plantar nerve
-
What are the actions of flexor digitorum brevis?
Flexes toes 2-5 at PIP
-
What are the attachments of the abductor digiti minimi?
- Calcaneal tuberosity
- Proximal phalanx of little toe
-
What innervates abductor digiti minimi?
Lateral plantar nerve
-
What are the actions of abductor digiti minimi?
Abducts and flexes little toe
-
What muscles and tendons are in the second layer of the plantar foot?
- Quadratus plantae
- Lumbricals
- Tendon of flexor digitorum longus
- Tendon of flexor hallucis longus
-
What are the attachments of the quadratus plantae muscle?
Calcaneal tuberosity to tendon of flexor digitorum longus
-
What innervates the quadratus plantae muscle?
Lateral plantar nerve
-
What are the actions of the quadratus plantae muscle?
Assists FDL in flexing toes 2-5
-
What are the attachments of the lumbricals (foot)?
Medial side of each FDL digit tendon to extensor expansion of digits 2-5
-
What innervates the lumbricals (on the foot)?
- Lumbrical 1: Medial plantar nerve
- Lumbricals 2-4: Lateral plantar nerve
-
What are the actions of the lumbricals (foot)?
- Flexes toes 2-5 at MP
- Extends toes 2-5 at IP
-
What makes up the sacral-ischial ligaments?
- Sacrotuberous ligament
- Sacrospinous ligament
-
What are the functions of the sacral-ischial ligaments?
- Prevents upward tilting (nutation) of sacrum
- Transform greater and lesser sciatic notches into greater and lesser sciatic foramina
-
Attachments of sacrospinous ligament
From sacrum and coccyx to ischial spine
-
Attachments of sacrotuberous ligament
From ilum, sacrum and coccyx to ischial tuberosity
-
Attachments of piriformis
From sacrum to greater trochanter
-
Innervation of piriformis
Nerve to piriformis (S1, S2)
-
Actions of piriformis
Lateral rotator of hip
-
Obturator internus attachments
Obturator forament to greater trochanter
-
Innervation of obturator internus
Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1, S2)
-
Actions of obturator internus
Lateral rotator of hip
-
- A) Superior Cluneal (dorsal rami of L1-L3)
- B) Middle cluneal (dorsal rami of S1-S3)
- C) Inferior cluneal (ventral rami of S2 and S3)
- D) Ventral rami of L2-L3
-
Attachments of gluteus maximus
- Ilum, sacrum, coccyx and sacrotuberous ligament to
- Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract
-
What innervates gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)
-
Actions of gluteus maximus
- Forcefully extends hip
- Lateral rotation of extended thigh
- Stabilizes knee joint
-
What are the attachments of gluteus medius and minimus?
Ilium to greater trochanter
-
What innervates gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fascia lata?
Superior gluteal nerve
-
What are the actions of gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fasica lata?
- Abduction of hip
- Medial rotation of thigh
- Levels pelvis during walking
-
What are the attachments of tensor fasica lata?
- ASIS and Iliac crest
- Iliotibial tract and Gerdy's tubercle
-
What are the attachments of superior gemellus?
- Ischial spine
- Greater trochanter
-
Innervation of superior gemellus
Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
-
Actions of superior gemellus
Lateral roatator of thigh
-
What are the attachments of inferior gemellus?
- Ischial tuberosity
- Greater trochanter
-
What innervates inferior gemellus?
Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
-
Actions of inferior gemellus
Laterally rotates thigh
-
What are the attachments of quadratus femoris?
- Ischial tuberosity
- Intertrochanteric crest
-
What innervates quadratus femoris?
nerve to quadratus femoris
-
What are the actions of quadratus femors?
Laterally rotates thigh
-
What are the names of the three gluteal bursae?
- Trochanteric bursa
- Ischial bursa
- Gluteofemoral bursa
-
Where is trochanteric bursa?
Between gluteus maximus and greater trochanter
-
Where is ischial bursa?
Between gluteus maximus and ischial tuberosity
-
Where is gluteofemoral bursa?
Between iliotibial tract and vastus lateralis
-
What acts like a sling on the femoral neck?
Zona orbicularis
-
What arteries supply blood to the head and neck of the femur?
Retincacular branches from circumflex femoral arteries
-
Primary flexor of the hip joint
Iliopsoas
-
Primary extensors of hip joint
Gluteus maximus and hamstrings
-
Primary abductors of hip joint
Gluteus medius and minimus
-
Primary Adductors of hip joint
- Adductor longus, brevis and magnus
- Gracilis
- Pectineus
-
Primary medial rotators of hip
Gluteus medius and minumus
-
Primary lateral rotators of hip joint
- Piriformis
- Superior and inferior gemelli
- Quadratus femoris
- Obturator internus and externus
-
What muscles constitute the hamstrings?
- Semimembranosus
- Semitendinosus
- Hamstring part of adductor magnus
- Long head of biceps femoris
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